Deep eutectic solvent as the acceptor phase in three‐phase hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction for the determination of pyrethroid insecticides from environmental water samples prior to HPLC

Abstract

In this study, a deep eutectic solvent as the acceptor phase was applied in threephase hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction for the microextraction of two pyrethroids (permethrin as well as deltamethrin) from environmental water samples prior to HPLC-UV. A deep eutectic solvent was synthesized of tetrabutylammonium bromide-decanoic acid (in a ratio of 1:2) as an acceptor phase and 1-decanol was applied as a supported liquid membrane. Some main variables affecting the extraction recoveries, comprising the types/contents of extraction solvent and acceptor phase, stirring speed, sample phase pH and extraction time, were checked and optimized.Under optimal conditions, the detection limits and limits of quantitation determined were 0.09-0.12 and 0.29-0.39 μgl À1 for deltamethrin and permethrin, respectively.The enrichment factors were 627 and 613, while the relative standard deviations (n = 5) were 4.8 and 5.7%, for deltamethrin and permethrin, respectively. The created technique was assessed as satisfactory to ascertain the two pyrethroid poisons (permethrin and deltamethrin) in environmental water samples.

Advancements in solvent microextraction: Recent developments and diverse applications in the modern era

“…One of the key advantages of this method over traditional microextraction techniques, such as conventional three-phase LPME and SDME, lies in its incorporation of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, which offers benefits like speed, simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. Furthermore, this approach doesn't require sample stirring, enhancing drop stability and resulting in larger droplets [96].…”

“…Strong linearity, reproducibility, low detection limits, [96] Abbreviations: GC, gas chromatography; HS-SDME, headspace single drop microextraction; LC, liquid chromatography. ; LOD, limit of detection; LOQ, limit of quantification; LPME, liquid phase microextraction; SDME, single drop microextraction.…”

Separation and quantification of diazinon in water samples using liquid‐phase microextraction‐based effervescent tablet‐assisted switchable solvent method coupled to gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection

“…In this method, CO 2 is produced in situ when an effervescent tablet (ET) that contains both an effervescent agent and a proton donor agent dissolves in the specimen solution. The CO 2 bubbles produced help the extractant solvent disperse in the specimen solution, without the use of ultrasonic radiation, vortex agitation, or disperser solvent (Ezoddin et al, 2022; Yang et al, 2016). In recent years, switchable solvents (SS) have been suggested as green solvents (Lasarte‐Aragonés et al, 2015; Rahimi Kakavandi et al, 2017).…”