Deep Fluids in Sedimentary Basins

Kharaka, Yousif K.; Hanor, Jeffrey S.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-095975-7.00516-7

Cited by 57 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 279 publications

(480 reference statements)

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“…More details on existing geothermometer methods are described in Kharaka and Hanor (2014). Figure 4 and Table 2 illustrate the calculated fluid temperatures with several geothermometer methods (t Geo ), such as t Na-K-Ca Mg-corr for reservoir temperatures below 100°C (212°F) (b = 4/3) and above 100°C (212°F) (b = 1/3) (Fournier and Potter, 1979), t Mg-Li , and t Na-Li (Kharaka and Mariner, 1989) in comparison to logged reservoir temperatures (t Res ) of 103.9°C (219°F) for the QHS (green line in Figure 4).…”

Section: Magnesium-lithium and Sodium-lithium Geothermometersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery rates of fracturing fluids and provenance of produced water from hydraulic fracturing of Silurian Qusaiba hot shale, northern Saudi Arabia, with implications on fracture network

Birkle

2016

Bulletin

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Geochemical fingerprinting of produced water from hydraulic fracturing projects is an essential tool to trace their provenance during the postfracturing period, to quantify recovery rates and volumes of fracturing fluids, and to visualize the geodynamic structure of natural or induced fracture networks. A total of 41 produced water samples from an exploration well in the Northern Arabia Exploration Area in Saudi Arabia were collected daily from the fracture-stimulated Qusaiba hot shale and analyzed for major ions and trace elements and partially for environmental isotopes. The postfracturing period shows an initial return of supply water and potassium chloride brine, subsequently replaced by the inflow of sodium chloride-type formation water with a stable plateau salinity of 50,000 mg/L. Less than 10% of the total injected fracturing fluids were recovered during postfracturing, whereas 78.8 vol. % of the total recovered fluid is composed of formation water (20,843 out of 26,446 bbls) during the study period. Coinciding values between logged reservoir temperature and calculated geothermometers confirm the provenance of pore water from the Qusaiba hot shale or from nearby units. The recharge of the Silurian sequence with meteoric surface water occurred during the early Holocene (6-6.7 ka), as evidenced by geochronological dating with the 14 C method and d 18 O/d 2 H values close to the global meteoric water line. The inflow of formation A U T H O R SPeter Birkle~Geology Technology Team,

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Section: Magnesium-lithium and Sodium-lithium Geothermometersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery rates of fracturing fluids and provenance of produced water from hydraulic fracturing of Silurian Qusaiba hot shale, northern Saudi Arabia, with implications on fracture network

Birkle

2016

Bulletin

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“…An alternative model was considered whereby SO 4 -rich, low salinity formation water entered this area from the south (i.e. the areas south of the Geitungen terrace) but that SO 4 2ions were then removed through release of Ba from K-feldspar dissolution and subsequent BaSO 4 precipitation (Kharaka and Hanor 2014). Here, the reservoir rock contains up to 11 vol% K-feldspar.…”

Section: Formation Water Compositions and Their Relationship To The Umentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3. Local K-feldspar dissolution (Kharaka and Hanor 2014). This would result in release of Ba 2ϩ ions.…”

Section: Formation Water Compositions and Their Relationship To The Umentioning

confidence: 99%

The Johan Sverdrup Field – Origin of Sulphate-Rich Formation Water and Impact on Scale Management Strategy

Ramstad

McCartney²,

Aarrestad

et al. 2016

All Days

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The Johan Sverdrup field will at maximum production contribute 25% of total oil production from the Norwegian continental shelf. Geochemical formation water interpretation and development of a scale management strategy have been performed to ensure high well productivity and process regularity of the field.Uncertainty in the formation water compositions challenged the decision to inject normal seawater or low sulphate seawater into the reservoir for pressure support. Water compositions in samples obtained from appraisal wells were unusual for the Norwegian North Sea, being sulphate-rich with negligible barium. This was suspected to be an artefact of drilling fluid contamination and corrections were applied to obtain representative estimates. These confirmed that the formation waters had variable salinity (21-48 g/L chloride), and were indeed sulphate-rich (94 -746 mg/L) and barium-depleted (Ͻ6 mg/L). The compositions may reflect (a) mixing of formation waters across the field over geological time and (b) interactions with the underlying Zechstein Group (anhydrite). The focus here is on issue (b), as a detailed evaluation of local/regional aquifer movements in geological time, communication patterns and flow restrictions is beyond the scope of this paper.Three appraisal wells in the Geitungen Terrace showed barium-rich formation water outside the main reservoir area where no underlying Zechstein Group was present. Initially, there were concerns about the scaling risks associated with mixing sulphate-and barium-rich formation waters. However, present geological understanding indicates insignificant aquifer volumes with barium, implying that full field development and scale strategy do not need to consider barium-rich water.Scale predictions were performed for various strategies; formation water production, seawater injection, produced water re-injection and low salinity/low sulphate water injection. Moderate strontium sulphate (SrSO 4 ) and calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) scaling are expected in the production wells. If third party barium-rich waters are tied-in, the topside barium sulphate (BaSO 4 ) scaling risk increases.This work has shown:• Careful evaluation of formation water samples/analyses reduces uncertainties associated with water compositions and increases confidence in results and decisions.• Underlying geology can influence formation water compositions.• Good quality water sampling is important for later phase field development and scale management.The implications for field development are:• Seawater will be injected into the reservoir for pressure support with no need for sulphate removal plant. • Produced water re-injection will gradually replace seawater to minimize environmental impact. • Downhole scale inhibitor injection has been recommended to protect the upper completion.

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“…Furthermore, metalliferous mudstones form an impermeable to semipermeable layer capping the massive sulfide lens and therefore, likely increase the preservation probability of massive sulfides (Hannington et al, 1995;Gurvich, 2006). Additionally, this geologic membrane helps to retain more of the metal-rich hydrothermal fluids within the massive sulfide mound and decreases the amount of metals lost to the hydrothermal plume (Large, 1992;Kharaka and Hanor, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geology, Mineralogy, and Lithogeochemistry of Metalliferous Mudstones Associated with the Lemarchant Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit, Tally Pond Belt, Central Newfoundland

Lode

Piercey

Devine³

2015

Economic Geology

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The Cambrian Lemarchant Zn-Pb-Cu-(Au-Ag) bimodal felsic volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit, Tally Pond group, central Newfoundland, Canada, contains metalliferous mudstones that occur either immediately on top or laterally along strike from massive sulfide mineralization, or as interflow mudstones within hanging-wall basaltic rocks. The mudstones are brown to black, graphite rich, and locally have intercalations of siliciclastic, volcaniclastic and/or amorphous chert layers, and, in some cases, fine lamina of organic matter. The main sulfide phases are pyrite (framboidal and euhedral) and pyrrhotite, with minor chalcopyrite, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, and galena; barite is a common sulfate.The metalliferous mudstones occur at various stratigraphic levels and have variable inputs of hydrothermal (high Fe/Al and base metal values) and detrital components (lower Fe/Al and base metal values) with positive shale normalized Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* ≥1), negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce* ≤1), and an average Y/Ho ratio of ~28.3. These signatures suggest precipitation from reduced, high-temperature hydrothermal vent fluids in an oxygenated water column, coupled with the hydrothermal particles having a short residence time within the hydrothermal plume (i.e., a vent proximal setting). Deposition from an oxygenated water column is also supported by the presence of abundant barite in both the Lemarchant massive sulfides and the metalliferous mudstones, as well as locally preserved marcasite in the mudstones. Redox-sensitive trace elements (As, U, V, Mo, Cr, Ni, and Co) were scavenged as oxyanions onto Fe oxyhydroxides during mudstone formation, and these elevated levels of scavenged redox-sensitive trace elements cause apparent anoxic signatures. Immobile element systematics (La-Th-Zr/10 and Th-La-Sc) indicate that the detrital components of the Lemarchant mudstones were mixtures of both continental and mafic sources, most likely deposited within a pericontinental rifted arc environment. Our research illustrates that the lithogeochemistry of metalliferous mudstones can identify vent proximity and provides insights into the physiochemical conditions of the deposit formation and the ambient environment. These results have implications for similar precious metal-bearing VMS deposits globally.

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Deep Fluids in Sedimentary Basins

Cited by 57 publications

References 279 publications

Recovery rates of fracturing fluids and provenance of produced water from hydraulic fracturing of Silurian Qusaiba hot shale, northern Saudi Arabia, with implications on fracture network

Recovery rates of fracturing fluids and provenance of produced water from hydraulic fracturing of Silurian Qusaiba hot shale, northern Saudi Arabia, with implications on fracture network

The Johan Sverdrup Field – Origin of Sulphate-Rich Formation Water and Impact on Scale Management Strategy

Geology, Mineralogy, and Lithogeochemistry of Metalliferous Mudstones Associated with the Lemarchant Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit, Tally Pond Belt, Central Newfoundland

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