“…Compared with conventional clinical calculation equations ( Chiu et al, 2005 ), the ANNs obtained better results. Deep learning ( Dao et al, 2021 ; Lv et al, 2021a , b ) also made a great contribution to the clinic, including skin cancer ( Esteva et al, 2017 ), breast cancer ( Liu J. et al, 2021 ), and brain diseases ( Liu G. et al, 2018 ; Liu et al, 2019 ; Bi et al, 2020 ; Hu et al, 2020 , 2021a , b ). In biological field, machine learning has been widely used to solve biological problems, including O -GlcNAcylation site prediction ( Jia et al, 2018 ), microbiology analysis ( Qu et al, 2019 ), microRNAs and cancer association prediction ( Zeng et al, 2018 ), lncRNAs ( Cheng et al, 2016 ; Deng et al, 2021 ), CircRNAs ( Fang et al, 2019 ; Zhao et al, 2019 ), DNA methylation site ( Wei et al, 2018b ; Zou et al, 2019 ; Dai et al, 2020 ), osteoporosis diagnoses ( Su et al, 2020b ), function prediction of proteins ( Wei et al, 2018a ; Wang H. et al, 2019 ; Deng et al, 2020b ; Ding et al, 2020a ; Su et al, 2020a ), nucleotide binding sites ( Ding et al, 2021b ), drug complex network analysis ( Ding et al, 2019 , 2020b , a ; Deng et al, 2020a ; Han et al, 2021 ; Liu H. et al, 2021 ), protein remote homology ( Liu B. et al, 2018 ), electron transport proteins ( Ru et al, 2019 ), and cell-specific replication.…”