“…Although the global position system (GPS) is normally used in pedestrian navigation systems [ 1 , 2 ], alternative techniques are needed for GPS-denied environments such as indoors [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ], urban canyons [ 10 , 11 ], underground [ 12 , 13 , 14 ], and mountain regions where GPS signals are weak or unavailable. Two research methods are mainly used in the indoor position estimation [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”