Defect tolerant perovskite solar cells from blade coated non-toxic solvents

Bi, Zhongnan; Rodríguez‐Martínez, Xabier; Aranda, Clara; Pascual-San-José, Enrique; Goñi, Alejandro R.; Campoy‐Quiles, Mariano; Xu, Xue Qing; Guerrero, Antonio

doi:10.1039/c8ta06771f

Cited by 64 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…We later find evidence of such spherulitic growth as the underlying mechanism behind uniform film formation with the best antisolvent system under ambient environment processing. Similar spherulitic crystallization, albeit much larger in size, is also observed in when perovskite inks are deposited on hot‐substrates …”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 67%

Controlling Homogenous Spherulitic Crystallization for High‐Efficiency Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated under Ambient High‐Humidity Conditions

Angmo

Peng

Seeber

et al. 2019

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The influence of precursor solution properties, fabrication environment, and antisolvent properties on the microstructural evolution of perovskite films is reported. First, the impact of fabrication environment on the morphology of methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite films with various Lewis‐base additives is reported. Second, the influence of antisolvent properties on perovskite film microstructure is investigated using antisolvents ranging from nonpolar heptane to highly polar water. This study shows an ambient environment that accelerates crystal growth at the expense of nucleation and introduces anisotropies in crystal morphology. The use of antisolvents enhances nucleation but also influences ambient moisture interaction with the precursor solution, resulting in different crystal morphology (shape, size, dispersity) in different antisolvents. Crystal morphology, in turn, dictates film quality. A homogenous spherulitic crystallization results in pinhole‐free films with similar microstructure irrespective of processing environment. This study further demonstrates propyl acetate, an environmentally benign antisolvent, which can induce spherulitic crystallization under ambient environment (52% relative humidity, 25 °C). With this, planar perovskite solar cells with ≈17.78% stabilized power conversion efficiency are achieved. Finally, a simple precipitation test and in situ crystallization imaging under an optical microscope that can enable a facile a priori screening of antisolvents is shown.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 67%

Controlling Homogenous Spherulitic Crystallization for High‐Efficiency Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated under Ambient High‐Humidity Conditions

Angmo

Peng

Seeber

et al. 2019

Small

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“…Considering the relatively fast crystallization of hybrid perovskites from solution and the large difference between the top and bottom surface of our films, it is reasonable to assume that the spatial distribution of trap states strongly depends on the crystallization process. It has in fact been recently reported that local depletion/enrichment of the precursor solution during crystallization has a very strong influence on the crystallization dynamics during the blade‐coating of 3D perovskites, resulting in local differences in morphology and PL …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Stoichiometry on the Photophysical Properties of Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskites

Duim

Adjokatse

Kahmann

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

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2D Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites are interesting for a variety of applications owing to their tunable optical properties and their excellent ambient stability. As these materials are processable from solution, they hold the promise of procuring flexible and cost-effective films through large-scale fabrication techniques. However, such solution-based deposition techniques often induce large degrees of heterogeneity due to poorly controlled crystallization. The microscopic properties of films of (PEA) 2 PbI 4 cast from precursor solutions of different stoichiometry are therefore investigated. The stoichiometry of the precursor solution is found to have a large impact on the crystallinity, morphology, and optical properties of the resulting thin films. Even for films cast from stoichiometric precursors, differences in photoluminescence intensities occur on a subgranular level. The heterogeneity in these films is found to be thermally activated with an activation energy of 0.4 eV for the emergence of local variations in nonradiative recombination rates. The spatial variation in the distribution of trap states is attributed to local fluctuations in the stoichiometry. In line with this, the surface can successfully be passivated by providing an excess of phenylethylammonium iodide (PEAI) to an as-cast film, enhancing the photoluminescence by as much as 85% without significantly altering the film's morphology.

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“…The crystal growth process is driven by the processing parameters such as the deposition chamber pressure and substrate temperature as well as substrate material surface properties and morphology. [92] [109] Samples with * are stabilized power conversion efficiency. This is Figure 10.…”

Section: Vapor Deposition Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scalable Deposition Methods for Large‐area Production of Perovskite Thin Films

Swartwout

Hoerantner

Bulović

2019

Energy & Environ Materials

195

179

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The recent steady improvements in the performance of the nascent hybrid perovskite photovoltaic (PV) devices have led to power conversion efficiencies that rival the best-performing established PV technologies. However, to scale these laboratory demonstrations to PV module-scale production will require development of scalable deposition methods for perovskite thin films. Every record result for perovskite PVs so far was achieved via spin coating, a technique that is popular in research laboratories for thin-film coating over relatively small device areas, but not considered to be a method that could be used to scale up the manufacturing of perovskite PVs. Significantly larger thin-film areas are needed for future commercial PV products. Hence, some researchers have focused their efforts on perovskite deposition techniques that can be considered as scalable for mass production and have achieved notable results even on large areas. Here, we present an overview of the solution-based and vapor-based deposition processes; we explain their influence on the molecular crystal growth behavior of perovskite thin films and discuss the morphology as well as other material quality characteristics. By presenting a comprehensive comparison of the deposition techniques and the corresponding performance parameters for different device sizes, we intent to guide the growing research community through the methods that might enable mass production of perovskite solar products.

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Defect tolerant perovskite solar cells from blade coated non-toxic solvents

Abstract: Blade coating in combination with non-toxic solvents provides high photovoltaic efficiency in perovskite thin films by spherulitic growth crystallization.

Cited by 64 publications

References 29 publications

Controlling Homogenous Spherulitic Crystallization for High‐Efficiency Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated under Ambient High‐Humidity Conditions

Controlling Homogenous Spherulitic Crystallization for High‐Efficiency Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated under Ambient High‐Humidity Conditions

The Impact of Stoichiometry on the Photophysical Properties of Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskites

Scalable Deposition Methods for Large‐area Production of Perovskite Thin Films

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