Defects in perovskite-halides and their effects in solar cells

Ball, James M.; Petrozza, Annamaria

doi:10.1038/nenergy.2016.149

Cited by 1,036 publications

(999 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…In addition to the improvement in terms of the film morphology and conductivity, the defect nature in perovskite films may also play a role in influencing charge carrier transport properties 58 . To investigate radiative and nonradiative charge carrier recombination channels within perovskite films, we carried out time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements on glass/perovskite/polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) samples (Supplementary Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas-solid reaction based over one-micrometer thick stable perovskite films for efficient solar cells and modules

et al. 2018

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Besides high efficiency, the stability and reproducibility of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are also key for their commercialization. Herein, we report a simple perovskite formation method to fabricate perovskite films with thickness over 1 μm in ambient condition on the basis of the fast gas−solid reaction of chlorine-incorporated hydrogen lead triiodide and methylamine gas. The resultant thick and smooth chlorine-incorporated perovskite films exhibit full coverage, improved crystallinity, low surface roughness and low thickness variation. The resultant PSCs achieve an average power conversion efficiency of 19.1 ± 0.4% with good reproducibility. Meanwhile, this method enables an active area efficiency of 15.3% for 5 cm × 5 cm solar modules. The un-encapsulated PSCs exhibit an excellent T80 lifetime exceeding 1600 h under continuous operation conditions in dry nitrogen environment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas-solid reaction based over one-micrometer thick stable perovskite films for efficient solar cells and modules

et al. 2018

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“…[10] Considering the simplicity of the processing conditions used to make perovskite films, as well as the low thermal stability of the materials, [11] a non-negligible level of unintended defects might be expected. [12] Moreover, crystallographic phase transitions during the perovskite fabrication process likely introduces defects [13] and photo-inactive non-perovskite phases. [14] To improve the coverage of the perovskite layer on the substrate, fast-solvent evaporation methods are often used to promote rapid supersaturation and precipitation, resulting in polycrystalline perovskite thin films as shown in Figure 1a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural Characterisations of Perovskite Solar Cells – From Grains to Interfaces: Techniques, Features, and Challenges

Rothmann

Etheridge

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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group of crystals that all share the same type of crystal structure based on CaTiO 3 , namely ABX 3 , with A cations, such as methylammonium (CH 3 NH 2 + ), formamidinium (CH(NH 2 ) 2 + ), and cesium (Cs + ); B cations such as tin (Sn 2+ ) and lead (Pb 2+ ); and halides, such as iodide (I − ), bromide (Br − ), and chloride (Cl − ), as the X anion. Since the first report of a solar cell using a hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite by Miyasaka et al. in 2009, the solar cells' efficiency has rapidly increased from 3.8% [2] to over 22.1% [3] certified for laboratoryscale devices. This rapid increase is due in part to intense efforts to develop novel device architectures that are energetically favorable for charge generation and extraction, coupled with basic studies detailing the intrinsic properties of the photoactive perovskite materials. [4] However, this record efficiency is still well below the theoretical limit of ≈31% for a singlejunction photovoltaic device. [5] Significant improvements in processing technologies are needed, which in turn require a detailed understanding of microstructures, interface structures, and overall architectures of the solar cell device."Microstructure", the fine structure of a material from the micrometer to the atomic scale, plays an important role in determining the performance of many types of solar cells in use and under development today. In single crystal photoactive materials like silicon, the intragrain defects, such as stacking faults and dislocations, attract significant research interest since these intragrain defects tend to be decorated by impurities, causing higher recombinative losses in these areas. [6] In polycrystalline materials, such as CdTe, grain boundaries have been found to be a limiting factor in solar cell performance due to an enhanced recombination at the grain boundaries. [7] Modification of the grain boundaries by chlorine can assist electron-hole pair separation and positively contribute to carrier collection efficiency. [7,8] Clearly, detailed knowledge of the microstructures in conventional solar cell materials has played a significant role in understanding and improving the underlying processes that govern overall solar cell performance. Further improvements in power conversion efficiency beyond the current record of 22.1%, as well as improved performance stability of perovskite solar cells, are therefore anticipated through in-depth characterization and understanding of their microstructures.Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells form a new type of thin film photovoltaic technology, which has achieved extraordinary improvements in power conversion efficiency in a relatively short time. To further improve the efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cells, it is critical to understand and control the microstructure of both the functional materials and their interfaces. Much effort has already been made to understand the microstructure of perovskite solar cells and its influence on their performance. This has proved particularly cha...

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“…The diffusion of Br À can easily occur in MAPbBr 3 with low activation energy (0.09 eV), according to the reported values of 0.09 eV. 51 In this work, three defect models are built for the 2 Â 2 Â 2 MAPbBr 3 supercell, including the Br vacancy defect, Frenkel defect, and water molecule impurity defect (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites have been investigated enormously due to their outstanding photovoltaic properties, such as high absorption co-efficiency, [1][2][3][4] high charge-carrier mobility, [5][6][7] long emission lifetime, [8][9][10] and, consequently, long charge-carrier diffusion length. [11][12][13] Among the previous research works, hybrid lead halide perovskites have been used in many fields, such as solar cells, 1,2,5,8,9,14 light-emitting diodes, [15][16][17][18][19] sensitive photodetectors, [20][21][22] and lasers.…”

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confidence: 99%

Reversible air-induced optical and electrical modulation of methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) single crystals

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Letters

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The photoluminescence (PL) variations of organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites in different atmospheres are well documented, while the fundamental mechanism still lacks comprehensive understandings. This study reports the reversible optical and electrical properties of methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3 or CH3NH3PbBr3) single crystals caused by air infiltration. With the change in the surrounding atmosphere from air to vacuum, the PL intensity of perovskite single crystals decreases, while the conductivity increases. By means of first-principles computational studies, the shallow trap states are considered as key elements in PL and conductivity changes. These results have important implications for the characterization and application of organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites in vacuum.

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Defects in perovskite-halides and their effects in solar cells

Cited by 1,036 publications

References 114 publications

Gas-solid reaction based over one-micrometer thick stable perovskite films for efficient solar cells and modules

Gas-solid reaction based over one-micrometer thick stable perovskite films for efficient solar cells and modules

Microstructural Characterisations of Perovskite Solar Cells – From Grains to Interfaces: Techniques, Features, and Challenges

Reversible air-induced optical and electrical modulation of methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) single crystals

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