Gas-solid reaction based over one-micrometer thick stable perovskite films for efficient solar cells and modules

Liu, Zonghao; Qiu, Longbin; Juárez-Pérez, Emilio J.; Hawash, Zafer; Kim, Taehoon; Jiang, Yan; Wu, Zhifang; Raga, Sonia R.; Ono, Luis K.; Liu, Shengzhong; Qi, Yabing

doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06317-8

Cited by 130 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…These differences were reflected to the photoluminescence lifetimes, which increased from 55 (without MACl) to 316 ns for the 5% MACl films (Figure 2a). [45] The two-step conversion concept proved to be valid also when the second step in two-step spin-coating was replaced from immersion to spin-coating of MAI/MACl solution in 2-propanol (the method was called interdiffusion). [43] The method seemed to similarly work also for mesoporous titania substrates and when MACl was added Maria Konstantakou is a post-doc research assistant in the group of Prof. Stergiopoulos at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.…”

Section: Two-step Conversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Μethylammonium Chloride: A Key Additive for Highly Efficient, Stable, and Up‐Scalable Perovskite Solar Cells

Kosmatos

Theofylaktos

Giannakaki

et al. 2019

Energy & Environ Materials

103

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Lead halide perovskites of the type APbX3 (where A = methylammonium MA, formamidinium FA, or cesium and X = iodide and bromide), in a single‐crystal form or more often as polycrystalline films, have already shown unique optoelectronic properties, comparable with those of the best single‐crystal semiconductors. To form a properly crystalline iodide or iodide/bromide, perovskite and achieve high performance in solar cells, sources containing only iodide and bromide salts (PbI2, PbBr2, MAI, FAI, CsI, MABr) are typically used as precursor materials. However, recently, most of the record perovskites contain MACl as additive to control their crystallization, revisiting the importance of methylammonium cation excess and chloride incorporation in perovskites, previously highlighted by Snaith's group back in 2012. Here, we review the background and recent progress in MACl‐mediated crystallization of perovskites, as well as the impact of the additive in solar cells. In particular, we describe the current understanding of the mechanism of perovskite crystallization process and defect passivation at grain boundaries in the presence of MACl. We then discuss the spectacular results (in terms of record efficiencies, stability, and up‐scaling) that have been delivered by solar cells employing MACl‐incorporated perovskites, and give an outlook of future research avenues that might bring perovskite solar cells closer to commercialization.

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Section: Two-step Conversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Μethylammonium Chloride: A Key Additive for Highly Efficient, Stable, and Up‐Scalable Perovskite Solar Cells

Kosmatos

Theofylaktos

Giannakaki

et al. 2019

Energy & Environ Materials

103

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“…Additionally, sequential deposition can be used in conjunction with solution processing, whereby one precursor layer is evaporated (typically the metal halide), with the other precursor layer (usually the precursor containing the organic cation) subsequently being deposited via spin/dipcoating . While this combination of dry and wet techniques shows some promise, extended annealing times are required to evaporate residual solvents, and there is little control over film thickness, rendering this process inadequate for upscaling of perovskite tandem devices . Therefore, considering all requirements, coevaporation appears to be the ideal fabrication method for the deposition of both small and large‐scale perovskite thin films, particularly those which are to be incorporated into two‐terminal multijunction PV devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light Absorption and Recycling in Hybrid Metal Halide Perovskite Photovoltaic Devices

Patel

Wright

Lohmann

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

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The production of highly efficient single‐ and multijunction metal halide perovskite (MHP) solar cells requires careful optimization of the optical and electrical properties of these devices. Here, precise control of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite layers is demonstrated in solar cell devices through the use of dual source coevaporation. Light absorption and device performance are tracked for incorporated MHP films ranging from ≈67 nm to ≈1.4 µm thickness and transfer‐matrix optical modeling is utilized to quantify optical losses that arise from interference effects. Based on these results, a device with 19.2% steady‐state power conversion efficiency is achieved through incorporation of a perovskite film with near‐optimum predicted thickness (≈709 nm). Significantly, a clear signature of photon reabsorption is observed in perovskite films that have the same thickness (≈709 nm) as in the optimized device. Despite the positive effect of photon recycling associated with photon reabsorption, devices with thicker (>750 nm) MHP layers exhibit poor performance owing to competing nonradiative charge recombination in a “dead‐volume” of MHP. Overall, these findings demonstrate the need for fine control over MHP thickness to achieve the highest efficiency cells, and accurate consideration of photon reabsorption, optical interference, and charge transport properties.

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“…Very recently, Liu et al demonstrated that incorporation of MACl into the HPbI 3 film improves the crystallinity and uniformity of the resulting perovskite films, enabling over 1 µm thick perovskite films with reduced trap density and enhanced mobility. Using the perovskite films, they demonstrated peak PCEs of 20.0% and 15.3% for the cell and module with active area of 0.1 cm 2 and 5 cm × 5 cm, respectively …”

Section: Large‐area Fabrication Methods For Perovskite Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Crystal Growth toward Scalable Fabrication of Perovskite Solar Cells

Lee

Jeong

et al. 2018

Adv Funct Materials

134

115

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With the impressive record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells exceeding 23%, research focus now shifts onto issues closely related to commercialization. One of the critical hurdles is to minimize the cell-to-module PCE loss while the device is being developed on a large scale. Since a solution-based spin-coating process is limited to scalability, establishment of a scalable deposition process of perovskite layers is a prerequisite for large-area perovskite solar modules. Herein, this paper reports on the recent progress of large-area perovskite solar cells. A deeper understanding of the crystallization of perovskite films is indeed essential for large-area perovskite film formation. Various large-area coating methods are proposed including blade, slot-die, evaporation, and post-treatment, where blade-coating and gas post-treatment have so far demonstrated better PCEs for an area larger than 10 cm 2 . However, PCE loss rate is estimated to be 1.4 × 10 −2 % cm −2 , which is 82 and 3.5 times higher than crystalline Si (1.7 × 10 −4 % cm −2 ) and thin film technologies (≈4 × 10 −3 % cm −2 ) respectively. Therefore, minimizing PCE loss upon scaling-up is expected to lead to PCE over 20% in case of cell efficiency of >23%.

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Gas-solid reaction based over one-micrometer thick stable perovskite films for efficient solar cells and modules

Cited by 130 publications

References 71 publications

Μethylammonium Chloride: A Key Additive for Highly Efficient, Stable, and Up‐Scalable Perovskite Solar Cells

Μethylammonium Chloride: A Key Additive for Highly Efficient, Stable, and Up‐Scalable Perovskite Solar Cells

Light Absorption and Recycling in Hybrid Metal Halide Perovskite Photovoltaic Devices

Control of Crystal Growth toward Scalable Fabrication of Perovskite Solar Cells

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