Defend Your Enemy. A Qualitative Study on Defending Political Opponents Against Hate Speech Online

Kojan, Lilian; Osmanbeyoglu, Hava Melike; Burbach, Laura; Ziefle, Martina; Valdez, André Calero

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61841-4_6

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 36 publications

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“…This is possibly due to the intricate nature of these connections. For instance, past research suggests that the relationships between individuals’ experiences with online hate and their later behavior are moderated by various factors [ 20 , 44 ] and that previous victimization can be, somewhat in contrast to our assumptions and results, a motivation for defending others [ 45 ]. Therefore, it is possible that the existence and direction of these connections depends on a range of factors beyond the scope of this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Factors Associated with Online Hate Acceptance: A Cross-National Six-Country Study among Young Adults

Celuch

Oksanen

Räsänen

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The Internet, specifically social media, is among the most common settings where young people encounter hate speech. Understanding their attitudes toward the phenomenon is crucial for combatting it because acceptance of such content could contribute to furthering the spread of hate speech as well as ideology contamination. The present study, theoretically grounded in the General Aggression Model (GAM), investigates factors associated with online hate acceptance among young adults. We collected survey data from participants aged 18–26 from six countries: Finland (n = 483), France (n = 907), Poland (n = 738), Spain (n = 739), the United Kingdom (n = 959), and the United States (n = 1052). Results based on linear regression modeling showed that acceptance of online hate was strongly associated with acceptance of violence in all samples. In addition, participants who admitted to producing online hate reported higher levels of acceptance of it. Moreover, association with social dominance orientation was found in most of the samples. Other sample-specific significant factors included participants’ experiences with the Internet and online hate, as well as empathy and institutional trust levels. Significant differences in online hate acceptance levels and the strength of its connections to individual factors were found between the countries. These results provide important insights into the phenomenon, demonstrating that online hate acceptance is part of a larger belief system and is influenced by cultural background, and, therefore, it cannot be analyzed or combatted in isolation from these factors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Factors Associated with Online Hate Acceptance: A Cross-National Six-Country Study among Young Adults

Celuch

Oksanen

Räsänen

et al. 2022

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

The Polarizing Impact of Political Disinformation and Hate Speech: A Cross-country Configural Narrative

2023

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Information and communication technologies hold immense potential to enhance our lives and societal well-being. However, digital spaces have also emerged as a fertile ground for fake news campaigns and hate speech, aggravating polarization and posing a threat to societal harmony. Despite the fact that this dark side is acknowledged in the literature, the complexity of polarization as a phenomenon coupled with the socio-technical nature of fake news necessitates a novel approach to unravel its intricacies. In light of this sophistication, the current study employs complexity theory and a configurational approach to investigate the impact of diverse disinformation campaigns and hate speech in polarizing societies across 177 countries through a cross-country investigation. The results demonstrate the definitive role of disinformation and hate speech in polarizing societies. The findings also offer a balanced perspective on internet censorship and social media monitoring as necessary evils to combat the disinformation menace and control polarization, but suggest that such efforts may lend support to a milieu of hate speech that fuels polarization. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

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Defend Your Enemy. A Qualitative Study on Defending Political Opponents Against Hate Speech Online

Cited by 2 publications

References 36 publications

Factors Associated with Online Hate Acceptance: A Cross-National Six-Country Study among Young Adults

Factors Associated with Online Hate Acceptance: A Cross-National Six-Country Study among Young Adults

The Polarizing Impact of Political Disinformation and Hate Speech: A Cross-country Configural Narrative

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