Defense Mechanism of Capsicum annuum L. Infected with Pepper Mild Mottle Virus Induced by Vanisulfane

Abstract

Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), an RNA virus, is one of the most devastating pathogens in pepper crops and has a significant influence on global crop yields. PMMoV poses a major threat to the global shortage of pepper plants and other Solanaceae crops due to the lack of an effective antiviral agent. In this study, we have developed a plant immune inducer (vanisulfane), as a "plant vaccine" that boosts plant immunity against PMMoV, and studied its resistance mechanism. The protective activity of vanisulfane against PMMoV was 59.4%. Vanisulfane can enhance the activity of defense enzymes and improve the content of chlorophyll, flavonoids, and total phenols for removing harmful free radicals from plants. Furthermore, vanisulfane was found to enhance defense genes. Label-free quantitative proteomics would tackle disease resistance pathways of vanisulfane. According to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) are mainly involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, photosynthesis, MAPK signaling pathway, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway. These results are crucial for the discovery of new pesticides, understanding the improvement of plant immunity and the antiviral activity of plant immune inducers.

Pepper Mild Mottle Virus Coat Protein as a Novel Target to Screen Antiviral Drugs

“…The experiment was conducted in accordance with a previous study. 22 Nicotiana benthamiana L. (N. benthamiana L.) and Nicotiana glutinosa L. (N. glutinosa L.) plants were kept growing in a greenhouse at 25 °C with a 16 h photoperiod and a humidity of 60%. Infectious cloning of PMMoV was provided by Professor Yan F., Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences.…”

“…The experiment was performed in accordance with a previous study. 22 A 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)−polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS−PAGE) was used to isolate total proteins. A polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane was used to transfer proteins and was blocked at room temperature for 1 h. The trisbuffered saline with Tween (TBST) buffer was washed three times, and the target protein was detected on the membrane with GFP and β-actin mouse monoclonal antibodies (1:1000 dilution) (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China).…”

“…The reaction volume was 10 μL, and there were three biological replicates. Related primers: Primers according to this literature, 22 the results of qRT-PCR were calculated by the 2 −ΔΔC t method. Autodocking and MD Simulations.…”

“…22 In previous research, vanisulfane was found to have excellent protective activity against PMMoV. 22 In this study, the bioactivity of vanisulfane against PMMoV was tested in vivo by traditional local lesions and GFP label assays, and vanisulfane had better inactivation activity against PMMoV. The distribution of PMMoV was then observed through a confocal focus.…”

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity of Novel Chalcone Derivatives Containing an 1,2,4-Oxadiazole Moiety

“…N. glutinosa L. was used as a local lesion host to evaluate the antiviral activity against TMV, PMMoV, and TSWV when the plants grew to 5-6 leaf stages. TMV, PMMoV, and TSWV were purified by the Gooding method (Gooding and Hebert, 1967) and the curative, protective activities of compounds were performed with the reported methods at 500 μg/ml (Song, et al, 2005;Zan, et al, 2021;Shi, et al, 2022). The EC 50 values of the antiviral activity at concentrations of 500, 250, 125, 62.5, and 31.25 μg/ml were then calculated.…”