Defensive function of persecutory delusion and&amp;nbsp;discrepancy between explicit and implicit self-esteem in schizophrenia: study using the&amp;nbsp;Brief&amp;nbsp;Implicit Association Test

Nakamura, Mitsuo; Hayakawa, Tomomi; Okamura, Aiko; Kohigashi, Mutsumi; Fukui, Kenji; Narumoto, Jin

doi:10.2147/ndt.s73906

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Whereas, “bad-me” paranoia patients believe that the persecution is deserved, basically because the self is viewed as bad, “poor-me” paranoia patients believe that the persecution is not deserved ( 60 ). Nakamura and collaborators ( 40 ) found that poor-me paranoia patients, but not Bad-me, showed a SE discrepancy. However, this finding should be interpreted with caution given the small sample size recruited of the poor-me paranoia group ( n = 14) and the fact that when both paranoid groups were jointly assessed ( n = 35), no SE discrepancy was found.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Schemas and Self-Esteem Discrepancies in Subclinical Paranoia: The Essential Role of Depressive Symptoms

et al. 2021

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Background : Self-concepts are being intensively investigated in relation to paranoia, but research has shown some contradictory findings. Studying subclinical phenomena in a non-clinical population should allow for a clearer understanding given that clinical confounding factors are avoided. We explored self-esteem, self-schemas, and implicit/explicit self-esteem discrepancies in three non-clinical groups with different psychopathological traits and a control group.Methods: Participants with elevated trait-paranoia (n = 41), depressive symptoms (n = 34), a combination of both traits (n = 32), and a control group (n = 71) were assessed on implicit and explicit self-esteem, self-schemas, depression, and paranoia. A dimensional approach with the total sample (n = 208) was also used to complement the information provided by the group approach.Results: All groups presented similar and positive levels of implicit self-esteem. Trait-paranoia participants had similar levels of explicit self-esteem and self-schemas compared with the control group. However, the group with a combination of trait-paranoia and depressive symptoms showed the lowest levels of positive self-schemas and self-esteem. Furthermore, this group and the control group displayed implicit/explicit self-esteem discrepancies, although in opposite directions and with different implications. The dimensional approach revealed associations of trait-paranoia and depressive symptoms with poor explicit self-esteem and self-schemas but not with implicit self-esteem.Conclusions: Trait-paranoia participants showed different self-representations depending on whether depressive symptoms were present or not. The interaction between subclinical neurotic and psychotic traits entailed a detrimental self-representation that might increase the risk for psychopathology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Schemas and Self-Esteem Discrepancies in Subclinical Paranoia: The Essential Role of Depressive Symptoms

et al. 2021

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“…Also, the size and the direction of the discrepancy had a significant interaction effect, showing that individuals with larger discrepancy between high implicit self-esteem and low explicit self-esteem exhibit more subclinical paranoia. While few previous studies on the self-esteem discrepancy in clinical patients examined categorical group differences compared to healthy controls or other clinical controls (e.g., depressed patients) focusing solely on paranoia [11,18,19], current study was able to investigate the effect of the size and the direction of the discrepancy and the interaction between the two on subclinical paranoia, as well as on the attributional bias, in a dimensional manner. Studies examining the effect of size and the direction of the self-esteem discrepancy in both paranoia and attributional bias in the clinical population will be needed in the future.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the validity of the task (Self-Referent Incidental Recall Task) used for implicit measure of selfesteem was questionable in this study. In a different study, schizophrenia patients with non-self-blaming paranoia showed the discrepancy between explicit and implicit selfesteem [19]. Differences between previous findings may result from measures used for implicit self-esteem, as the latter study used the Implicit Association Test (IAT), considered the most appropriate measure of implicit self-esteem [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrepancies of Implicit and Explicit Self-Esteem as Predictors of Attributional Bias and Paranoia

Park

Chung

et al. 2019

Psychiatry Investig

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Objective The current study aimed to examine the association of implicit self-esteem, explicit self-esteem and their interaction with paranoia and attributional bias. The relationship of the size and the direction of the discrepancy between implicit and explicit self-esteem with paranoia and attributional bias was examined. Methods A total of 128 female college students participated. We administered the Implicit Association Test to assess implicit self-esteem, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale to measure explicit self-esteem. Paranoia Scale was used, and the attributional bias was assessed using the Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire. Results Results showed that explicit but not implicit self-esteem was negatively associated with paranoia, blame bias and hostility perception bias in ambiguous situations. The interaction of implicit and explicit self-esteem was associated with hostility perception in ambiguous situations. As for the discrepancy, the size of the discrepancy between implicit and explicit self-esteem was positively associated with hostility perception in ambiguous situations. Moreover, the direction of the discrepancy was specifically relevant: damaged self-esteem (high implicit and low explicit self-esteem) was associated with increased levels of paranoia, blame bias and hostility perception in ambiguous situations. Conclusion These findings provide new insights into the role of the implicit and explicit self-esteem in attributional bias and paranoia and point to damaged self-esteem as a possible vulnerability marker for illogical attribution of blaming others and perceiving hostility in social situations.

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Could an evaluative conditioning intervention ameliorate paranoid beliefs? Self-reported and neurophysiological evidence from a brief intervention focused on improving self-esteem

Trucharte,

Carmen,

Pacios

et al. 2024

Front. Psychiatry

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IntroductionMuch research on the treatment of paranoia has involved cognitive-behavioural interventions that address explicit social cognition processes. However, much of human cognition is preverbal or implicit, raising the possibility that such social judgements are implicated in paranoia. One type of implicit social cognition that has been investigated concerning paranoia is implicit self-esteem with some evidence that it may be possible to change implicit self-esteem using techniques based on conditioning theory. Therefore, the primary purpose of this research is to further evaluate the potential of this approach. At the same time, as a secondary purpose, we introduce a novel way of measuring social cognition that, we argue, has utility for investigating the psychological processes involved in paranoia.MethodWe conducted two proof-of-concept studies of a novel brief intervention based on evaluative conditioning, targeting implicit cognition. The first study was conducted with a large non-clinical sample, while the second study included a small series of psychotic patients. As part of our proof-of-concept evaluation of the potential of evaluative conditioning, we attempted to probe for neurophysiological changes following the intervention using magnetoencephalography in an exploratory way in the clinical sample.ResultsOur results revealed that both non-clinical and clinical participants in the experimental group showed a significant change in how they evaluated themselves in the social cognition task, which could be related to the perception of social information in a less threatening way. In addition, clinical participants in the experimental group showed changes in brain activity during the social cognition task, particularly in regions involved in emotional reactivity and mentalization processes.DiscussionOur results are encouraging, suggesting that implicit cognition is manipulable, that such manipulation affects underlying neurophysiological mechanisms, and that there may be an impact on paranoid symptoms. However, much more work is required to determine whether this approach can produce meaningful clinical change and be delivered in routine clinical settings. Finally, it is important to note that we are not claiming the clinical effectiveness of our intervention, which is in a very early stage of development. Our goal here is to demonstrate clinical possibilities that warrant further investigation

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Defensive function of persecutory delusion and discrepancy between explicit and implicit self-esteem in schizophrenia: study using the Brief Implicit Association Test

Cited by 3 publications

References 30 publications

Self-Schemas and Self-Esteem Discrepancies in Subclinical Paranoia: The Essential Role of Depressive Symptoms

Self-Schemas and Self-Esteem Discrepancies in Subclinical Paranoia: The Essential Role of Depressive Symptoms

Discrepancies of Implicit and Explicit Self-Esteem as Predictors of Attributional Bias and Paranoia

Could an evaluative conditioning intervention ameliorate paranoid beliefs? Self-reported and neurophysiological evidence from a brief intervention focused on improving self-esteem

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