“…Following the recent typology of various types of coproduction (Nabatchi et al, 2017; Brudney et al, 2022), we use four questions in the 2017 ICMA ASD survey to measure different types of coproduction—Does your local government involve individual citizens, groups of citizens, or citizens as a whole (i.e., the entire community) in: - Planning services (i.e., decisions on service policies and funding).
- Designing services (i.e., decisions on how services will be arranged or organized).
- Delivering services (i.e., using citizens’ labor/expertise to help deliver services).
- Assessing services (i.e., seeking citizens’ online ratings or other reviews of services).
We construct multiple dependent variables to measure coproduction. First, we create separate dummy variables based on these four questions to understand whether local governments involve citizens in the planning, design, delivery, or assessment of public service provision.…”