Defining cognitive sophistication in the development of judgment and decision-making

Toplak, Maggie E.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816636-9.00010-4

Cited by 3 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 171 publications

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“…However, the slightly higher correlations in the CART may be partly attributable to the number of items scored (the ART-Y had 27 scored items and the CART had 38 items). Age was a modest predictor of ART-Y performance, consistent with other studies of rational thinking tasks in adolescent samples (Toplak 2022).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…On the ART-Y, four items assessed sensitivity to base rates using a paradigm that has been used in several investigations of children's reasoning (Davidson 1995;De Neys and Feremans 2013;De Neys and Vanderputte 2011;Kokis et al 2002;Toplak 2022;Toplak et al 2014a;Toplak and Flora 2021). The problems were structured so that the participant had to make an inductive inference in a simulation of a real-life decision.…”

Section: Probabilistic and Statistical Reasoningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rational thinking dispositions are those that relate specifically to the adequacy of belief formation and decision making. There is substantial evidence that thinking dispositions can explain variance in components of rational thinking after the variance due to cognitive ability has been controlled in adult samples (Stanovich et al 2016;Viator et al 2020) and in developmental samples (Kokis et al 2002;Toplak 2022;Toplak et al 2014a).…”

Section: The Dispositions Of Rationality Measured On the Art-y: Activ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although not as potent a predictor as the AOT scale, deliberative thinking sometimes displays associations with heuristics and biases tasks included on the CART (Stanovich et al 2016). The version used on the ART-Y was adapted for use with young subjects, also based on our studies with youth samples (Kokis et al 2002;Toplak 2022;Toplak et al 2014a).…”

Section: The Dispositions Of Rationality Measured On the Art-y: Activ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measuring Rational Thinking in Adolescents: The Assessment of Rational Thinking for Youth (ART‐Y)

Toplak,

Stanovich

2024

Behavioral Decision Making

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There has been considerable conceptual and empirical progress on the measurement of rational thinking in adult samples. Studies in developmental samples have demonstrated that many of these domains and paradigms can also be assessed in children and youth, especially in adolescent samples. Here, we present an efficient rationality assessment battery for adolescents and youth—the Assessment of Rational Thinking for Youth (ART‐Y). The ART‐Y consists of five subtests: Probabilistic and Statistical Thinking, Scientific Thinking, Avoidance of Framing, Knowledge Calibration, and Rational Temporal Discounting. Two supplementary measures of thinking dispositions are included in the ART‐Y: Actively Open‐Minded Thinking (AOT) and Deliberative Thinking. The ART‐Y battery was examined in a sample of 143 adolescents (mean age = 15.4 years). The five rational thinking subtests displayed intercorrelations largely consistent with those obtained in the adult literature. Age, cognitive ability, problem solving, probabilistic numeracy, and thinking dispositions predicted variance differently across the five subtests of the ART‐Y, but again largely consistent with the adult literature. These measures, along with the ART‐Y subtests, were examined as predictors of two real‐world skills: financial literacy and academic achievement. Scientific thinking, knowledge calibration, and rational temporal discounting were significant unique predictors of financial literacy when statistically controlling for cognitive ability. Scientific thinking predicted academic achievement when statistically controlling for cognitive ability.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Probabilistic and Statistical Reasoningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Dispositions Of Rationality Measured On the Art-y: Activ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Dispositions Of Rationality Measured On the Art-y: Activ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Measuring Rational Thinking in Adolescents: The Assessment of Rational Thinking for Youth (ART‐Y)

Toplak,

Stanovich

2024

Behavioral Decision Making

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“…Progress in understanding the development of cognitive reflection and its consequences will also require longitudinal studies. Only one study has used longitudinal data, finding that performance on a traditional math‐based CRT increased from early to middle adolescence, but not from middle adolescence to early adulthood (Toplak, 2021). A few cross‐sectional studies have found similar developmental differences from adolescence to adulthood using traditional math‐based CRTs (Carriedo et al, 2020; Primi et al, 2016; Suzuki et al, 2021).…”

Section: Looking Aheadmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of cognitive reflection

Shtulman

Young

2022

Child Dev Perspectives

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What do cows drink? The correct answer is water, but many are tempted to say milk. The disposition to override an intuitive response (milk) with a more analytic response (water) is known as cognitive reflection. Tests of cognitive reflection predict a wide range of skills and abilities in adults. In this article, we discuss the construction of a developmental version of the cognitive reflection test and explore how it predicts rational thinking and normative thinking dispositions in elementary school‐aged children, independent of age, executive function, and cultural context. We also explore how the test predicts children's mastery of counterintuitive concepts in science and mathematics. Findings suggest that cognitive reflection may be a prerequisite for developing, and improving, analytic thought, thus highlighting the value of studying cognitive reflection from a developmental perspective.

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Resistance to cognitive biases: Longitudinal trajectories and associations with cognitive abilities and academic achievement across development

Toplak

Flora

2020

Behavioral Decision Making

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Cognitive failures on several reasoning and judgment tasks can be explained by miserly information processing tendencies. These tasks have been examined in child and youth samples, and we extend this work by examining the developmental trajectory of performance on these cognitive bias tasks and their association with other markers of cognitive sophistication. A longitudinal design was used to examine the development of resistance to cognitive biases in a sample of 204 typically developing children and youth. These youth were 8-14 years of age at first assessment and were assessed at three measurement occasions separated by 3 years. Resistance to cognitive biases as represented by performance on five reasoning and judgment tasks, including ratio bias, belief-bias syllogisms, attribute framing problems, base-rate sensitivity, and temporal discounting. The developmental trajectory of resistance to cognitive biases was examined. We also estimated associations between trajectories of resistance to cognitive biases and measures of cognitive abilities, actively openminded thinking, and superstitious thinking to examine how individual differences in other measures of cognitive sophistication were associated with the development of resistance to cognitive biases. Cognitive ability measures included intelligence (verbal and nonverbal) and executive function tasks (interference control and set-shifting). Growth modeling results showed that resistance to cognitive biases increased linearly from 8 to 15 years of age, followed by a flat mean trajectory up to age 20. Cognitive ability, actively open-minded thinking, and superstitious thinking predicted individual differences in resistance to cognitive biases, but not changes in resistance to cognitive biases. Performance on resistance to cognitive biases tasks was positively correlated with self-and parent-reported academic achievement.

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Defining cognitive sophistication in the development of judgment and decision-making

Cited by 3 publications

References 171 publications

Measuring Rational Thinking in Adolescents: The Assessment of Rational Thinking for Youth (ART‐Y)

Measuring Rational Thinking in Adolescents: The Assessment of Rational Thinking for Youth (ART‐Y)

The development of cognitive reflection

Resistance to cognitive biases: Longitudinal trajectories and associations with cognitive abilities and academic achievement across development

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