Defining the sizes of airborne particles that mediate influenza transmission in ferrets

Zhou, Jie; Wei, Jianjian; Choy, Ka-Tim; Sia, Sin Fun; Rowlands, Dewi K.; Yu, Dan; Wu, Chung‐Yi; Lindsley, William G.; Cowling, Benjamin J.; McDevitt, James; Peiris, Malik; Yen, Hui-Ling

doi:10.1073/pnas.1716771115

Cited by 88 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The results of this study imply that replication in the URT of ferrets, and more specifically the nasal respiratory epithelium, is important for the generation and expulsion of influenza virusladen particles from donor ferrets. As particles expelled from the URT are thought to be bigger than those expelled from the LRT, the results of this study could imply that transmission of IAVs between ferret is mediated by respiratory droplets rather than aerosols, which is in accordance with the studies by Zhou et al 39 and Gustin et al 40 . Zhou et al 39 showed that naive or influenzainoculated ferrets exhaled a greater number of fine particles (<1.5 µm) than large particles but that viral RNA was predominantly present in particles > 4 µm.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Influenza A viruses are transmitted via the air from the nasal respiratory epithelium of ferrets

et al. 2020

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Human influenza A viruses are known to be transmitted via the air from person to person. It is unknown from which anatomical site of the respiratory tract influenza A virus transmission occurs. Here, pairs of genetically tagged and untagged influenza A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and A/H5N1 viruses that are transmissible via the air are used to co-infect donor ferrets via the intranasal and intratracheal routes to cause an upper and lower respiratory tract infection, respectively. In all transmission cases, we observe that the viruses in the recipient ferrets are of the same genotype as the viruses inoculated intranasally, demonstrating that they are expelled from the upper respiratory tract of ferrets rather than from trachea or the lower airways. Moreover, influenza A viruses that are transmissible via the air preferentially infect ferret and human nasal respiratory epithelium. These results indicate that virus replication in the upper respiratory tract, the nasal respiratory epithelium in particular, of donors is a driver for transmission of influenza A viruses via the air.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Influenza A viruses are transmitted via the air from the nasal respiratory epithelium of ferrets

et al. 2020

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“…The agent of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) can be detected in various clinical samples such as saliva, sputum, stool, and blood using polymerase chain reaction [1]. However, as World Health Organization stressed repeatedly 1 , 2 current scientific data suggest that SARS-CoV2 is transmitted via respiratory droplets and contact [2]. The droplets are respiratory particles which are larger than 5 μm in diameter and can travel, at the maximum, 6 feet (1.83 m) through the air before landing [2].…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, as World Health Organization stressed repeatedly 1 , 2 current scientific data suggest that SARS-CoV2 is transmitted via respiratory droplets and contact [2]. The droplets are respiratory particles which are larger than 5 μm in diameter and can travel, at the maximum, 6 feet (1.83 m) through the air before landing [2]. There is no clinical evidence that blood or bodily fluids pose a risk for transmission [3] To recall this solid data is very important while choosing personal protective equipment.…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Medical mask or N95 respirator: when and how to use?

Azap¹,

Erdinç²

2020

Turk J Med Sci

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COVID-19 pandemic is now a global threat to human health reaching up to 2 million infected people all around the world. Since its first recognition in Wuhan, many topics were discussed intensively about COVID-19, both in the public and scientific community. Personal protective equipment, especially masks, has been among the hottest topics during this pandemic. Regardless of which mask is used, performing hand hygiene frequently with an alcohol-based hand rub or with soap and water if hands are dirty is the most effective preventive measure for COVID-19. The type of mask used when caring for COVID-19 patients will vary according to the setting, type of personnel/person, and activity. Although the main transmission route for COVID-19 is droplets, during aerosol generating procedures airborne transmission may occur. Keeping the distancing and medical masks and eye protection during close contact efficiently protects against respiratory diseases transmitted via droplets. Airborne precautions include goggles and respiratory protection with the use of an N95 or an equivalent mask respirator to prevent airborne transmission.

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“…However, there was still a knowledge gap of gene-modified bacteria in the trace of airborne microorganism. Aerosolization of bacteria, which was susceptible to the suspending medium and shear stress, was widely performed in lab-experiment such as air sterilization and air infection [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]. Aerosolization and gene modification of bacteria could be jointly used for tracing airborne microorganism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A tracing method of airborne bacteria transmission across built environments

Wang

Zheng

et al. 2019

Building and Environment

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A B S T R A C TDisease transmission across built environments has been found to be a serious health risk. Airborne transmission is a vital route of disease infection caused by bacteria and virus. However, tracing methods of airborne bacteria in both lab and field research failed to veritably express the transporting process of microorganism in the air. A new tracing method of airborne bacteria used for airborne transmission was put forward and demonstrated its feasibility by conducting a field evaluation on the basis of genetic modification and bioaerosol technology. A specific gene fragment (pFPV-mCherry fluorescent protein plasmid) was introduced into nonpathogenic E. coli DH5α as tracer bacteria by high-voltage electroporation. Gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing proved the success of the synthesis. Genetic stability, effect of aerosolization on the survival rate of tracer bacteria, and the application of the tracer bacteria to the airborne bacteria transmission were examined in both lab and field. Both the introduced plasmid stability rates of tracer E. coli in pre-aerosolization and post-aerosolization were above 95% in five test days. Survival rate of tracer E. coli at 97.5% ± 1.2% through aerosolization was obtained by an air-atomizer operated at an air pressure of 30 Psi. In the field experiment, the airborne transmission of E. coli between poultry houses was proved and emitted E. coli was more easily transmitted into self-house than adjacent house due to the ventilation design and weather condition. Our results suggested that the tracing method of airborne bacteria was available for the investigation of airborne microbial transmission across built environments.

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Defining the sizes of airborne particles that mediate influenza transmission in ferrets

Cited by 88 publications

References 38 publications

Influenza A viruses are transmitted via the air from the nasal respiratory epithelium of ferrets

Influenza A viruses are transmitted via the air from the nasal respiratory epithelium of ferrets

Medical mask or N95 respirator: when and how to use?

A tracing method of airborne bacteria transmission across built environments

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