Definition and prevalence of subfertility and infertility

Gnoth, Christian; Godehardt, Erhard; Frank‐Herrmann, Petra; Friol, K.; Tigges, J.; Freundl, Günter

doi:10.1093/humrep/deh870

Cited by 482 publications

(301 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…However, when we examined these mice over a long period of time, we observed that these mice had significantly smaller litter size (P ¼ 0.02; Figure 4a) and significantly longer timeto-pregnancy (P ¼ 0.013; Figure 4b) than their wild-type littermates, suggesting diminished reproductive capacity, also known as subfertility in the homozygotes. 36 For instance, in spite of normal chow, the GALT-deficient mice had a maximum of three litters throughout their life (Figure 4b). Levels of follicle-stimulating hormone were not different between age-matched mutant and wild-type females (data Figure 3 Effect of galactose on growth in mice with different genotypes.…”

Section: Reduced Fertility In the Galt Gene-trapped Female Micementioning

confidence: 99%

Subfertility and growth restriction in a new galactose-1 phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) - deficient mouse model

et al. 2014

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The first GalT gene knockout (KO) mouse model for Classic Galactosemia (OMIM 230400) accumulated some galactose and its metabolites upon galactose challenge, but was seemingly fertile and symptom free. Here we constructed a new GalT genetrapped mouse model by injecting GalT gene-trapped mouse embryonic stem cells into blastocysts, which were later implanted into pseudo-pregnant females. High percentage GalT gene-trapped chimera obtained were used to generate heterozygous and subsequently, homozygous GalT gene-trapped mice. Biochemical assays confirmed total absence of galactose-1 phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) activity in the homozygotes. Although the homozygous GalT gene-trapped females could conceive and give birth when fed with normal chow, they had smaller litter size (P ¼ 0.02) and longer time-to-pregnancy (P ¼ 0.013) than their wild-type littermates. Follicle-stimulating hormone levels of the mutant female mice were not significantly different from the age-matched, wild-type females, but histological examination of the ovaries revealed fewer follicles in the homozygous mutants (P ¼ 0.007). Administration of a high-galactose (40% w/w) diet to lactating homozygous GalT gene-trapped females led to lethality in over 70% of the homozygous GalT gene-trapped pups before weaning. Cerebral edema, abnormal changes in the Purkinje and the outer granular cell layers of the cerebellum, as well as lower blood GSH/GSSG ratio were identified in the galactose-intoxicated pups. Finally, reduced growth was observed in GalT gene-trapped pups fed with normal chow and all pups fed with high-galactose (20% w/w) diet. This new mouse model presents several of the complications of Classic Galactosemia and will be useful to investigate pathogenesis and new therapies.

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Section: Reduced Fertility In the Galt Gene-trapped Female Micementioning

confidence: 99%

Subfertility and growth restriction in a new galactose-1 phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) - deficient mouse model

et al. 2014

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“…Infertility (clinical definition) is currently defined as 1 year of unwanted nonconception with unprotected intercourse in the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle [1]. Fertility treatment may be medical, surgical or involve assisted conception where by the egg and sperm are brought into close proximity to facilitate fertilization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonography and Doppler Study to Predict Uterine Receptivity in Infertile Patients Undergoing Embryo Transfer

Khan¹,

Shaikh²,

Ratnani³

2015

J Obstet Gynecol India

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About the Author AbstractPurpose To detect whether ultrasonographic parameters and Doppler analysis of uterine blood flow can be of value in the prediction of endometrial receptivity in infertile female patients undergoing embryo transfer. Methods In this study, a total of 200 women with primary infertility undergoing embryo transfer were analyzed. Transvaginal ultrasonography was done on the 10th day of the menstrual cycle. To assess the uterine receptivity, we analyzed all the ultrasonographic and Doppler parameters. The slightly modified version of Applebaum Uterine Scoring System was used. This uterine scoring system included all the following parameters: endometrial thickness, endometrial morphology, endometrial blood flow within zone 3, myometrial echogenecity, uterine artery pulsatility index (PI), end diastolic blood flow, and myometrial blood flow internal to the arcuate vessels seen on gray-scale examination. Results The pregnancy rates were higher in women with thick, distinct five-line endometrium and multifocal endometrial vascularity within zone 3. Absent endometrial flow, despite highest values for the other parameters, was associated with no conception. In our study, no pregnancy occurred with uterine PI values of more than 2.8. Absence or reversal of end diastolic blood flow was associated with no conception. A maximum score of 20 was associated with the pregnancy rate of 97.4 %, whereas scores of 13 or less resulted in no pregnancies. 123Conclusion Uterine scoring system will help to perform embryo transfers in only favorable uteri and postpone or cancel those cycles in which poor uterine score is demonstrated.

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“…4 Clinical infertility is recognized as the inability to conceive after 1 year or more of unprotected intercourse during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle. 5,6 The baseline incidence of sterility is estimated at 1% of the general population, and this percentage does not change with age during the window of reproductive potential. Fertility begins to decline when women reach their late 20s and when men reach their late 30s.…”

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confidence: 99%