Definitions for Distributed Generation : A revision

Bayod-Rújula, Ángel A.; Amada, Joaquín Mur; Bernal-Agustín, José L.; Yusta, José M.; Navarro, J.A. Domínguez

doi:10.24084/repqj03.295

Cited by 21 publications

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“…En la actualidad, el sector energético a nivel mundial enfrenta grandes retos: contar con fuentes de generación de energía eléctrica capaces de atender la demanda actual, mantener reservas para el crecimiento a futuro, liberalizar el mercado eléctrico y atender las exigencias medioambientales que buscan reducir las emisiones de carbono en la atmósfera y preservar un medio ambiente sostenible [23][24]. Para esto, se ha impulsado el uso de nuevas formas de generación, pasando de un esquema centralizado a uno distribuido, que puede estar conectado normalmente a la red de distribución u operar de forma aislada [23][26] [28].…”

Section: Generación Distribuidaunclassified

“…Acorde con [23][26] [29], en la literatura actual no hay una definición unificada de la generación distribuida (GD), sin embargo, los autores indican que en general, se puede definir como una fuente de generación de energía eléctrica conectada directamente a la red de distribución o al lado del consumidor. Desde el punto de vista tecnológico, las fuentes de GD pueden clasificarse en renovables, no renovables y de almacenamiento [23][24][28] [29], por lo que hablar de generación distribuida no puede asociarse exclusivamente a fuentes renovables.…”

Section: Generación Distribuidaunclassified

“…Actualmente, las necesidades que enfrenta el sector energético a nivel mundial, de disponer de fuentes de energías limpias, con las cuales, sea posible conservar un ambiente sostenible, a la vez que se cuente con capacidad suficiente para atender la demanda actual y futura, han impulsado la implementación de formas de generación distribuida [23][24], las cuales se conectan a la red de distribución en puntos cercanos a las cargas [23][26] [29].…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Small-disturbance angle stability analysis of microgrids: A graph theory viewpoint

Song

Hill

2015

2015 IEEE Conference on Control Applications (CCA)

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In this Work, the formulation of a unified power quality index applied to radial distribution networks is presented. The index focuses on two quality phenomena, namely: voltage sag and voltage harmonic distortion, and allows quantifying the impact of connecting photovoltaic generation sources and non-linear loads, on these two phenomena.The formulation of the index is achieved from the parametric sensitivity analysis of the voltages in the network buses, depending on the system's line and load impedances variations and the location of the connection point of the photovoltaic source or non-linear load. The sensitivity analysis is developed using a proposed algorithm, based on the approach of the network equations and on a logical pattern of behavior that allows them to be resolved sequentially. The result of this analysis makes it possible to identify two determining factors for each quality phenomenon, with which, by means of a qualification methodology, the digits of two individual indices are raised that are later integrated into the unified index.The proposed index is applied to different case studies on the IEEE 33-node test feeder reference system, within which different ranges of load and line impedances variation are considered, the connection of a photovoltaic source with harmonic injection and the connection of a motor speed variator as a non-linear load. For these connections, it was identified that the level of penetration can deteriorate the quality, and that the connection of the non-linear load causes the greatest reduction in the quality of the nodes. The index allows nodes to be classified according to their power quality and is a useful, practical and easy-to-calculate tool.

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Section: Generación Distribuidaunclassified

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Small-disturbance angle stability analysis of microgrids: A graph theory viewpoint

Song

Hill

2015

2015 IEEE Conference on Control Applications (CCA)

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“…Generally, DGs are connected to the distribution system but large offshore wind farms could be connected to the transmission system [15]. A medium and large‐sized wind farms are directly integrated to the transmission system, due to the limited capacity of the distribution system [16]. Based on Distributed Power Coalition of America (DPCA), DG systems can be integrated directly to the client side or to transmission or distribution systems [16].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi‐objective Optimization of Optimal Placement and Sizing of Distributed Generators in Distribution Networks

Alajmi

AlHajri

Ahmed

et al. 2023

IEEJ Transactions Elec Engng

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Due to the growing attention for the environmental impacts and power loss minimization, distributed generators (DGs) have been introduced widely into the electric power system. One of the challenges of integrating with the power system is to determine their optimal placement and sizing, which, when not respected, adversely affects the performance of the electrical network. In this paper, three multi‐objective algorithms of particle swarm optimization (PSO), variable constants (VCPSO) and genetic algorithm (GA) are adopted and implemented. The main objectives are to detect the optimum size and location of multiple DGs aiming to reduce the active power loss and improve bus voltage deviations in the distribution networks. The paper conducts a comprehensive review of the optimal size and location of the DG via systematic procedures, including definition, classifications, technologies of DGs. Then, the performances evaluation of the three optimization methods are presented and compared with other methods. The presented optimization methods are tested on the IEEE‐33 bus, 32‐line radial distribution network. Four different scenario‐based studies including base case and different number of DGs are performed to examine the accuracy of the presented algorithms. The obtained results prove that all the three algorithms are suitable for this multi‐objective optimization and VCPSO offers the best solution in terms of convergence and, and it has lowest average computation time. The performance and accuracy of the presented approaches and their improvements in the power loss and bus voltage profile are discussed and presented in detail. The obtained results show that more than 65% of active power loss reduction has been attained with the proper sizing and placement of DG systems. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

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“…nevertheless it is usually perceived as small scale electricity generation (Mitra et al, 2008). The literature overviews from Bayod et al (2005) and Mitra et al (2008), point out that the term can be referred to (i) stand alone or autonomous applications, (ii) standby sources that supply power during grid outages, (iii) co-generation or waste heat recovery installations with power injection to the grid if the DES has a higher power production than the local demand, (iv) DES that support the grid by decreasing power losses and improving the system voltage prole and to (v) energy systems connected directly to the grid that sell the electricity produced. This thesis use the term DES as stand alone applications.…”

Section: The Scale Of the Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conceptual design of alternative energy systems from biomass

Pérez Fortes

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El sector energético se está dirigiendo hacia un nuevo paradigma, favoreciendo la aparición de procesos de conversión más eficientes, el uso de las fuentes de energía renovables y la micro-generación. La bioenergía es una solución prometedora para la futura combinación de energías. Los conceptos de ingeniería deben de integrarse junto con los aspectos económicos, ambientales y sociales en el desarrollo de proyectos. Los sistemas de energía centralizados y distribuidos necesitan enfoques a medida para explotar las características de cada posible sistema. Esta tesis investiga el potencial del sector bioenergético, mediante el estudio de la gasificación de biomasa a través de técnicas avanzadas de modelización de procesos y de la incorporación de la gestión de la cadena de suministro, en el marco del diseño conceptual para la toma de decisiones. Los sistemas estudiados son: (i) gasificación integrada con ciclo combinado y con métodos de captura y almacenamiento de CO2 (IGCC-CCS, 285 MWe) para los sistemas de energía centralizados, y (ii) un gasificador de biomasa combinada con un motor de gas (BG-GE, 14 kWe) para los sistemas de energía distribuidos. La superestructura concebida puede ser utilizada en el diseño preliminar de alternativas para los diferentes procesos considerados, para adaptar los ya existentes y para adquirir conocimiento sobre las condiciones de operación de plantas de gasificación. El problema de optimización multi-objetivo considerado evalúa el equilibrio entre los criterios técnico-económicos y ambientales de 25 escenarios, con mezclas de diferentes materias primas y cambios topológicos: mezclas de carbón, coque y biomasa y la generación de electricidad a partir de gas de síntesis, la generación de electricidad a partir de H2 y la producción de H2 puro, considerando o no el uso del gas de purga del PSA en el ciclo combinado. El análisis de Pareto revela que como mejores escenarios el que utiliza coque de petróleo como materia prima para producir H2, con reciclo del gas de purga del PSA y el que utiliza biomasa residual sin reaprovechamiento del gas de purga del PSA. La implementación de la tecnología CCS conlleva una penalización en la eficiencia de un 8,7% en términos de potencia neta, si el H2 se utiliza en el ciclo combinado. La gestión de cadenas de suministro de sistemas centralizados, señalan que España tiene potencial de biomasa residual, invirtiendo en nuevas centrales IGCC-CCS, o para producir electricidad mediante co-combustión en las centrales térmicas de carbón ya existentes. Para el primer caso, el valor actual neto óptimo es 230 millones de € para un periodo considerado de 25 años. Para el segundo caso, se ha calculado que las políticas de subvención en este tipo de proyectos deben de tener en cuenta la sostenibilidad económica, cubriendo en un rango de 5,84% a 20,25% el aumento de los precios de la electricidad. El caso de estudio propuesto y optimizado como ejemplo de un sistema distribuido tiene en cuenta una comunidad de Ghana en el marco de la electrificación rural, a abastecer con peladuras de yuca y mediante sistemas BG-GE. Los resultados revelan una red inviable. De las cadenas de suministro resultantes como óptimas, se puede deducir que cierto nivel de centralización es necesario para que las propuestas sean sostenibles en el tiempo. El sector de la bioenergía cumple ofrece ventajas en términos de impacto ambiental y social. Su implementación es posible con el apoyo de las tecnologías actuales de conversión de energía. Los principales retos están en la mejora de los procesos de pretratamiento de la biomasa y en su almacenamiento. La conversión de la biomasa, junto con los métodos de captura y almacenamiento de CO2, necesitan de incentivos políticos para poder penetrar definitivamente en el mercado, como sería el caso de cualquier otra tecnología alternativa de conversión de energía The energy sector faces a new energy paradigm, with more efficient conversion processes, renewable sources and micro-generation. Bioenergy is a promising solution. Engineering aspects must be integrated with economic, environmental and social aspects in bioenergy projects. Biomass properties enhancement is crucial. It concerns energy and matter densifications, for stabilisation and easier transport. Tailor-made approaches are needed to account for the characteristics of each potential system, being it centralised or distributed. This thesis has assessed the bioenergy potential using advanced modelling techniques, enlarged with supply chain management strategies, in the framework of conceptual design for decision-making. The studied energy systems are (i) an integrated gasification combined cycle power plant combined with carbon capture and storage (IGCC-CCS, 285 MWe) for centralised energy systems, and (ii) a biomass gasifier with a gas engine (BG-GE, 14 kWe) for distributed energy systems. Process system modelling and optimisation approaches are integrated with supply chain management to analyse co-gasification and co-production of electricity and hydrogen alternatives in IGCC-CCS, and co-combustion of biomass and coal in pulverised coal power plants in the light of economic and environmental considerations. Process modelling is integrated with supply chain management optimisation for rural electrification by BG-GE systems, considering economic, environmental and social issues. The superstructure can be used for the design of process alternatives, retrofit of existing ones and to gain knowledge on operation of IGCC-CCS. The multi-objective optimisation problem evaluates the trade-off between techno-economic and environmental criteria of 25 scenarios. Considerations comprise different coal, petcoke and biomass combinations and electricity generation from syngas, electricity generation from H2 and purified H2 production without and with PSA purge gas use in the combined cycle. The Pareto frontier analyses reveals that the scenario with petcoke as feedstock for H2 production with PSA flue gas profit is the best in terms of techno-economic optimisation. The scenario with residual biomass without PSA flue gas profit is the best in terms of environmental optimisation. CCS technology implementation leads to an efficiency penalty of 8.7% in net power terms if H2 is used in the IGCC. To maintain the same power level than that obtained with the combustion of syngas, the feedstock should be increased by 21% on a mass basis. Supply chain studies highlight, for Spain, a huge biomass waste potential for electricity and H2 production by investing on new IGCC-CCS power plants, or adaptation of existing plants. For the first case, the optimal NPV is around 230M€ for a period of 25 years. The sensitivity of the optimal solutions to changes in prices is demonstrated. For the second case, policy subsidies or alternatively price increases range from 5.84% to 20.25%. The investment is within 549M€ and 1640M€. A supply chain in a specific community from Ghana is proposed for rural electrification using cassava peels. Optimisations considers 9 communities and an overall electricity demand of 118 MWh/yr. The results reveal an unviable network. From the resulting networks, distributed approaches need a certain level of centralisation to be feasible on time. Bioenergy offers decisive advantages in terms of environmental and social impacts. Its deployment is straightforward to support with current energy conversion technologies. Challenges concern the biomass pre-treatment and storage. Despite all the striking advantages, political incentives are needed for definitive market entry, as would be the case for any energy conversion alternative.

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Definitions for Distributed Generation : A revision

Abstract: none

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Small-disturbance angle stability analysis of microgrids: A graph theory viewpoint

Small-disturbance angle stability analysis of microgrids: A graph theory viewpoint

Multi‐objective Optimization of Optimal Placement and Sizing of Distributed Generators in Distribution Networks

Conceptual design of alternative energy systems from biomass

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