Definitions, Measurements, and Classifications of Stimuli, Situations, and Environments

Pervin, Lawrence A.

doi:10.1002/j.2333-8504.1975.tb01064.x

Cited by 37 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The scale of environmental units relevant to individual and collective well-being ranges from specific stimuli and situations that occur in a given setting to the more complex life domains that are themselves clusters of multiple situations and settings. Situations are sequences of individual or group activities occurring at a particular time and place (Forgas, 1979;Pervin, 1978). Settings are geographical locations in which various personal or interpersonal situations occur on a regular basis (Barker, 1968;Stokols & Shumaker, 1981).…”

Section: Relevance Of Environmental Scale and Contextual Scope For Hementioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing and maintaining healthy environments: Toward a social ecology of health promotion.

Stokols¹

1992

American Psychologist

1,547

1,048

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Section: Relevance Of Environmental Scale and Contextual Scope For Hementioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing and maintaining healthy environments: Toward a social ecology of health promotion.

Stokols¹

1992

American Psychologist

1,547

1,048

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“…Pain (2000) provides an illustrative example of this conceptual approach when she argues that places are not themselves fear-inducing but rather serve to trigger individuals' internal fears that are related to other factors, for example, women's fear of men. The situation itself consists of the person(s) present, the location in which the situation is played out, and the kind of activity taking place (Pervin 1978). Although a situation involves both the individual and the environment, in the context of the situational approach, it is the interaction between a person and a particular setting within the environment that needs to be examined (Wikström et al 2012).…”

Section: Fear Of Crime Situational Dynamics and Lifestyle-routine Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Community-Oriented Policing and Technological Innovations

Leventakis¹,

Haberfeld²

2018

SpringerBriefs in Criminology

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SpringerBriefs in Criminology present concise summaries of cutting edge research across the fields of Criminology and Criminal Justice. It publishes small but impactful volumes of between 50-125 pages, with a clearly defined focus. The series covers a broad range of Criminology research from experimental design and methods, to brief reports and regional studies, to policy-related applications.The scope of the series spans the whole field of Criminology and Criminal Justice, with an aim to be on the leading edge and continue to advance research. The series will be international and cross-disciplinary, including a broad array of topics, including juvenile delinquency, policing, crime prevention, terrorism research, crime and place, quantitative methods, experimental research in criminology, research design and analysis, forensic science, crime prevention, victimology, criminal justice systems, psychology of law, and explanations for criminal behavior.SpringerBriefs in Criminology will be of interest to a broad range of researchers and practitioners working in Criminology and Criminal Justice Research and in related academic fields such as Sociology, Psychology, Public Health, Economics and Political Science. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland We also thank the following people f...

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“…A variety of aspects are discernible in psychological situations, and numerous authors have attempted to identify the most important such aspects (Bem & Funder, 1978;Bowers, 1973;Endler & Magnusson, 1976;Frederiksen, 1972;Funder & Colvin, 1991;Furnham & Argyle, 1981;Magnusson, 1981;Pervin, 1978). Recently, reviews of this literature have appeared (Forgas & Van Heck, 1992; Ten Berge & De Raad, 1999), although agreement on a widely accepted and comprehensive taxonomy of situations is yet to be achieved (Endler, 1993;Funder, 2001;Hogan, Harkness, & Lubinski, 2000;Johnson, 1999).…”

Section: What Might Be the Critical Distinctions Among Situations?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Murray (1938) developed the concept of ''press,'' an impactful directional tendency or potency in an external object or environment with which humans have contact. Building on distinctions made by Kantor (1924) and Koffka (1935), Murray distinguished ''beta press''-what the press is in the subject's own interpretation, an interpretation that may profoundly affect behavior-from ''alpha press,'' a more objective account of the milieu as it might be seen by an impartial scientific observer.According to a rational analysis by Pervin (1978), people usually describe situations in terms of associated locations (Where? ), other people (Who?…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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What Modifies the Expression of Personality Tendencies? Defining Basic Domains of Situation Variables

Saucier¹,

Bel-Bahar²,

Fernandez

2007

Journal of Personality

140

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A taxonomy of personality-relevant situations will provide a valuable complement to the taxonomy of personality attributes. To identify some of the most important modifying factors, we asked laypersons what modifies expression of their own traits. Spontaneously generated situation descriptors were elicited from 77 university students, leading to over 7,000 reports of situations. We determined the most frequently occurring words and phrases, and developed initial classification categories. Next, we tested the reliability of the categories, and made refinements to focus on those that proved most reliable. Based on results, we propose that situation descriptions involve at least four separable broad domains of variables-locations, associations, activities, and passively experienced processes-each of which appears to have distinct linguistic markers.Psychology has a longstanding custom of dividing the bases for human behavior into two kinds. Dispositional factors (traits or other constitutional tendencies including genetic ones) are commonly differentiated from environmental factors (external and situational conditions).We are grateful to Gale Pearce, Kathy Hadjiyannakis and Brad Lytle for assistance with this research, and to Lewis R. Goldberg and Sarah E. Hampson for helpful suggestions on earlier drafts of the manuscript.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to: Gerard Saucier, Department of Psychology, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene. OR. 97403-1227. USA. Tel.: 541-346-4927. Fax: 541-346-4911. E-mail: gsaucier@uoregon.edu. 1467-6494.2007.00446.x A complete understanding will take account of the complementary contributions of dispositional and environmental factors. Journal of PersonalityPersonality psychology has made considerable progress toward identifying a relatively consensual taxonomy of personality traits ( John, 1990). There is also increasing recognition of the need for a ''taxonomy of situations '' (Funder, 2001). The lack of a taxonomy of situations-of those contingencies that modify the expression of trait tendencies-impedes the understanding of personality, in several respects.First, situations involve individual differences in important ways. If all individuals behaved with complete cross-situational consistency, or if all individuals were equal in how they changed their behavior in response to situations, then there would be no gain from linking trait and situation taxonomies. But there are probably substantial individual differences of several kinds: (a) in the degree of cross-situational consistency, (b) in the degree to which one kind of situation affects behavior, (c) in the kind of behavior that is affected by a given situation, and (d) in the set of situations that tend to facilitate one response versus another (e.g., one individual may be a ''different person'' depending on whether he is at work or at home, whereas another may differ according to whether she is in a large or a small group of people). Moreover, there should be individual differences in ho...

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Definitions, Measurements, and Classifications of Stimuli, Situations, and Environments

Cited by 37 publications

References 57 publications

Establishing and maintaining healthy environments: Toward a social ecology of health promotion.

Establishing and maintaining healthy environments: Toward a social ecology of health promotion.

Community-Oriented Policing and Technological Innovations

What Modifies the Expression of Personality Tendencies? Defining Basic Domains of Situation Variables

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