Deformation mechanisms and strain history of a minor fold from the Appalachian Valley and Ridge Province

Spang, John H.; Groshong, Richard H.

doi:10.1016/0040-1951(81)90244-4

Cited by 46 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The relationship between calcite twin width and metamorphic grade has been observed in naturally deformed limestones from the Central Appalachians (compare Groshong (1972Groshong ( , 1975 and Spang and Groshong (1981) with Dunne (1991) andFerrill (1991)), the Helvetic Alps (Groshong et al, 1984a;Burkhard, 1986), the Prealps (Mosar, 1989), and the northern Subalpine Chain (Ferrill, 1991;Ferrill and Groshong, 1993). The consistency of this relationship and its ease of application make it a useful geothermometer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Calcite twin morphology: a low-temperature deformation geothermometer

Ferrill

Morris

Evans

et al. 2004

Journal of Structural Geology

306

261

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Twinning of the e-plane is the dominant crystal -plastic deformation mechanism in calcite deformed below about 400 8C. Calcite in a twin domain has a different crystallographic orientation from the host calcite grain. So-called thin twins appear as thin black lines when viewed parallel to the twin plane at 200-320 £ magnification under a petrographic microscope. Thick twins viewed in the same way have a microscopically visible width of twinned material between black lines. Calcite e-twin width and morphology has been correlated with temperature of deformation in naturally deformed coarse-grained calcite. In this paper, we present a compilation and analysis of data from limestones of the frontal Alps (France and Switzerland) and the Appalachian Valley and Ridge and Plateau provinces (eastern United States) to document this temperature dependence. Mean calcite twin width correlates directly with temperature of deformation such that thin twins dominate below 170 8C and thick twins dominate above 200 8C. Above 250 8C dynamic recrystallization is an important deformation mechanism in calcite. Mean twin intensity (twin planes/mm) correlates negatively with temperature, and a cross plot of twin intensity with twin width can yield information about both strain and temperature of deformation. These relationships provide a deformation geothermometer for rocks that might otherwise yield little or no paleotemperature data.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Calcite twin morphology: a low-temperature deformation geothermometer

Ferrill

Morris

Evans

et al. 2004

Journal of Structural Geology

306

261

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“…Further twinning is possible in a crystal along either of the remaining two e{0112} planes at higher stress levels, provided that stress is oriented >45° from the initial stress orientation (Teufel, 1980). The application of twinned calcite to structural and tectonic problems has been primarily restricted to studies of limestones (e.g., Groshong, 1975;Engelder, 1979;Spang and Groshong, 1981;Wiltschko et al, 1985;Craddock et al, 1993), calcite veins (e.g., Kilsdonk and Wiltschko, 1988), or, more rarely, marbles (e.g., Craddock et al, 1991). Amygdule and vein calcite in basalts also yield interpretable results (Deep Sea Drilling Project [DSDP] Hole 433C, Craddock and Pearson, 1994;Keweenaw rift, Craddock et al, 1997;Iceland, Craddock et al, 2004).…”

Section: Calcite Twinningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of the emplacement of the Heart Mountain allochthon at White Mountain: Constraints from calcite twinning strains, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, and thermodynamic calculations

Craddock¹,

Malone²,

Magloughlin³

et al. 2009

Geological Society of America Bulletin

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White Mountain is centrally located in the bedding-plane portion of the Eocene HeartMountain detachment and contains the only upper plate Mississippian Madison Group rocks that have been metamorphosed into marble. The marble rests upon the thickest (1 m) part of a carbonate ultracataclasite that marks the detachment. Thermodynamic and mechanical calculations based on possible frictional melting of calcite and other minerals, geochemical data, the characteristics of the carbonate ultracataclasite, and the geometrical characteristics of White Mountain suggest a possible initial upper plate emplacement rate of 126-340 m/sec and that the duration of the emplacement event was less than 4 min, too brief a time to develop an emplacement-related calcite twinning strain overprint in upper or lower plate carbonates. While the detachment-related carbonate ultracataclasite did not form by melting, it does preserve a magnetic fabric where K max is parallel to the detachment slip direction and records a westward and down paleopole (287° and 27°), where magnetite is the carrier mineral. The Eocene (49.6 Ma) paleopole for this latitude in North America was southerly and upward (0° and 45°). This brief and catastrophic detachment event produced a signifi cant amount of CO 2 by fl ash heating. This report is the fi rst to quantify the emplacement rate of the upper plate of the Heart Mountain detachment based on physical and geochemical parameters.

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“…Twinning is possible along three glide planes and calcite strain-hardens once twinned; further twinning is possible in a crystal along either of the remaining two ef0112g planes at higher stress levels, provided that stress is oriented >45º from the initial stress orientation (Teufel, 1980). The application of twinned calcite to structural and tectonic problems has been primarily restricted to studies of limestones (e.g., Groshong, 1975;Engelder, 1979a;Spang and Groshong, 1981;Wiltschko et al, 1985;Craddock et al, 1993), calcite veins (e.g., Kilsdonk and Wiltschko, 1988), or, more rarely, marbles (e.g., Craddock et al, 1991). Craddock and Pearson (1994) and Craddock et al (1997) have studied twinning strains in secondary calcite of basalts from DSDP Hole 433C and the Proterozoic Keweenaw rift, respectively.…”

Section: Calcite Twinningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sevier–Laramide deformation of the continental interior from calcite twinning analysis, west-central North America

Craddock

Pluijm

1999

Tectonophysics

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Paleozoic-Mesozoic carbonates that cover cratonic western North America contain a regional layer-parallel shortening (LPS) fabric that is preserved by mechanically twinned calcite. Shortening directions are generally parallel to the Sevier thrust-transport direction (E-W) in carbonates of the Idaho-Wyoming portion of the thrust belt and within carbonates as far as 2000 km into the plate interior. The inferred calcite twinning differential stress magnitudes generally decrease across the thrust belt, and decrease exponentially away from the orogenic front into the craton. Synorogenic calcite cements and veins preserve a distinct twinning deformation history: in the thrust belt, twinning strains commonly record local, out-of-transport piggyback strain events with high differential stresses (<150 MPa), whereas in Laramide uplifts and adjacent basins as far east as the Black Hills, twinned vein calcite preserves a sub-horizontal, N-S-shortening strain, with differential stress magnitudes that decrease to the east. Deformation of the plate interior during the Sevier orogeny was dominated by E-W contraction at the plate margin, which changed into dominantly oblique contraction (¾N-S shortening) along western North America during the younger, basement-involved Laramide event.

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Deformation mechanisms and strain history of a minor fold from the Appalachian Valley and Ridge Province

Cited by 46 publications

References 27 publications

Calcite twin morphology: a low-temperature deformation geothermometer

Calcite twin morphology: a low-temperature deformation geothermometer

Dynamics of the emplacement of the Heart Mountain allochthon at White Mountain: Constraints from calcite twinning strains, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, and thermodynamic calculations

Sevier–Laramide deformation of the continental interior from calcite twinning analysis, west-central North America

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