Deformation Properties of Rubberized ECC Incorporating Nano Graphene Using Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

Engineered cementitious composite (ECC) was discovered as a new substitute of conventional concrete as it provides better results in terms of tensile strain, reaching beyond 3%. From then, more studies were done to partially replace crumb rubber with sand to achieve a more sustainable and eco-friendlier composite from the original ECC. However, the elastic modulus of ECC was noticeably degraded. This could bring potential unseen dangerous consequences as the fatigue might happen at any time without any sign. The replacement of crumb rubber was then found to not only bring a more sustainable and eco-friendlier result but also increase the ductility and the durability of the composite, with lighter specific gravity compared to conventional concrete. This study investigated the effects of crumb rubber (CR) and graphene oxide (GO) toward the deformable properties of rubberized ECC, including the compressive strength, elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and drying shrinkage. Central composite design (CCD) was utilized to provide 13 reasonable trial mixtures with the ranging level of CR replacement from 0–30% and that of GO from 0.01–0.08%. The results show that GO increased the strength of the developed GO-RECC. It was also found that the addition of CR and GO to ECC brought a notable improvement in mechanical and deformable properties. The predicted model that was developed using response surface methodology (RSM) shows that the variables (compression strength, elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and drying shrinkage) rely on the independent (CR and GO) variables and are highly correlated.

The Effect of Superabsorbent Polymer and Nano-Silica on the Properties of Blended Cement

“…This study dealt with the various combinations of dosages of NS, along with the SAP particles. The addition of SAP and nano-silica particles seemed to require more water for its binding, along with the hydration of cement, and an increase in the dosages of SAP and NS increased the water requirement, which is similar to the results of other NS studies reported by many researchers worldwide [50][51][52][53]. The mix M3 and M7 (having 1% NS significantly) seemed to have more compressive strength comparatively.…”

Effects of Graphene Oxide and Crumb Rubber on the Fresh Properties of Self-Compacting Engineered Cementitious Composite Using Response Surface Methodology

“…There was a 19.2% increase in the compressive strength between a mix having 0.01% GO and that with 0.05% GO at a 10% CR replacement level. Similarly, Hau Hong et al [ 8 ] reported a 14% and 48% increase in the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity between a mix having 0.01% GO content and one with 0.05% GO, both at 10% CR replacement levels. This is due to the GO’s high reactivity, which speeds up the hydration reaction, resulting in increased calcium-silica-hydrate (C-S-H) gel formation and the pore-filling effect, which densifies the microstructure of the composite.…”

“…This behavior is attributed to the composite’s ability to develop and propagate saturated steady-state microcracks with a width of less than 100 μm. It is achieved by utilizing the micromechanics principles in the design of the composite to modify the interaction of the cement matrix, polymeric fibers, and their interface [ 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”

Palm Oil Fuel Ash-Based Eco-Friendly Concrete Composite: A Critical Review of the Long-Term Properties

“…Furthermore, pozzolanic activity could be increased through the packing influence, where LOI content reduced the chemical structure, particularly that of SOi 2 , from 69.02% to 59.17% [45]. In addition, a high pozzolanic activity could be obtained through a decrease in Ca(OH) 2 , MgO, and SO 3 [33,[91][92][93][94].…”