Deformations in lead–calcium–tin anodes for copper electrowinning

The influence of alloying elements on the electrochemistry of lead anodes for electrowinning of metals: A review

“…The composition of these anodes is approximately 0.08% Ca and 1.5% Sn, with trace amounts of Bi, Al and Ag. The anodes have an average operating life of between 4 and 5 years and they corrode at a rate of 0.5 mm/year (Camurri et al, 2001). The exact composition of the anode may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, with some using purer lead than others, thus increasing the level of additives e.g.…”

In situsynchrotron X-ray diffraction investigation of the evolution of a PbO2/PbSO4surface layer on a copper electrowinning Pb anode in a novel electrochemical flow cell

“…Under galvanostatic conditions the Cu dissolved in the acid electrolyte is plated onto the cathode. To harvest a sheet of Cu takes about seven days, but the Pb anodes are expected to have an average lifetime of about five years (Camurri et al, 2001). Electrowinning takes place under the application of a constant current, where the Pb 2+ ions at the anode surface react with the sulfate ions in the H 2 SO 4 electrolyte to produce a layer of PbSO 4 [equation 1, where NHE = normal hydrogen electrode] (anglesite, space group Pnma) (Miyake et al, 1978), which may be subsequently reduced to produce a PbO 2 compound [equation 2].…”

Effect of Current Densities on the Electrochemical Behavior of a Flat Plate Pb-Ag Anode for Zinc Electrowinning

“…Inordertoreducetheenergyconsumption,enhancethecorro鄄 sionresistance,improvetheproductquality,andreducethe quantityofAgrequiredorevendispensewithit,peoplehave donemuchresearchwork,whichismainlyfocusedonlead鄄based alloyanode [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] andTi鄄basedcoatinganode(namedDSA誖 ) [10][11][12][13][14][15] . Asforlead鄄basedalloyanode,althoughmanyalloyanodes whichcaneffectivelyreducethequantityofAghavebeenreport鄄 ed,onlyPb鄄CoandPb鄄Ag鄄Sn鄄Coanodesperformedwellinthe perspectiveofreducinganodicpotential.Regretfully,their complicatedmanufacturingconditionsrestrictedtheirfurther commercialuse.ForTi鄄basedcoatinganodes,theyarecostly andcannotavoidthepassivationofTi鄄basewhenanodizedin H 2 SO 4 solution,sotheirfurtherapplicationisconfined.There鄄 fore,lead鄄basedanodeisstilltheanodethatcanbeusedindus鄄 triallynowandinthefuture [16] .…”