Defying transparency: Ghostwriting from the Jazz Age to social media

Carvalho, John; Chung, Angie Y.; Koliska, Michael

doi:10.1177/1464884918804700

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Kovach and Rosenstiel predict that in the end this is a way to reconnect with the public. Other researchers have built on this research and suggested that transparency can be linked to increased trust, trustworthiness, accountability and authenticity (Carvalho, Chung, and Koliska 2018;Karlsson 2010;Karlsson 2011;Morton 2015;Phillips 2010;Singer 2007Singer , 2005, that a more transparent journalism requires new practices and skillsets among journalists (Bivens 2008), and that transparency can be seen as a defensive move to preserve journalistic authority (Allen 2008;Karlsson 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

Dispersing the Opacity of Transparency in Journalism on the Appeal of Different Forms of Transparency to the General Public

Karlsson

2020

Journalism Studies

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This study investigates the kinds of transparency that appeal to different parts of the public and the extent to which transparency can be a remedy for declining trust in journalism. It uses a representative survey of Swedes, and the results show that there are three distinct forms of transparency, including the previously unreported ambient transparency, and that they appeal to different people. News consumption or social media use has little or no effect on transparency. The strongest positive effect on transparency comes from appreciation of the current quality of journalistic performance, high trust in journalists and media, and having news media and authorities as the preferred channels of information. Those most skeptical about journalism are also least positive about transparency. The results suggest that transparency has very limited reach as a cure for declining trust in, and the trustworthiness of, journalism, possibly since the acts of transparency themselves remain non-transparent.

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confidence: 99%

Dispersing the Opacity of Transparency in Journalism on the Appeal of Different Forms of Transparency to the General Public

Karlsson

2020

Journalism Studies

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“…For example, politicians and CEOs hire speechwriters because they lack the time, background details, or rhetoric skills [17,88]. Similarly, public personas at times seek ghostwriter support for publishing their autobiographies, blog articles, or social media posts [22,43], where the public persona's name as the author is essential for marketing. In the scientific domain, good publication records are important for researchers' careers and funding opportunities.…”

Section: Declared Authorship Copyright and Ghostwritingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it has not yet investigated how people attribute and declare authorship for the generated text. Previous research in the social sciences has investigated the prevalence and rationalization of ghostwriting [22,43,88]. Ghostwriting, as a practice of using text produced by someone without crediting, is common in some academic fields, such as medicine [49,107], but also in writing autobiographies or political speeches [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The AI Ghostwriter Effect: Users Do Not Perceive Ownership of AI-Generated Text But Self-Declare as Authors

Draxler¹,

Werner²,

Lehmann³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Human-AI interaction in text production increases complexity in authorship. In two empirical studies (n1 = 30 & n2 = 96), we investigate authorship and ownership in human-AI collaboration for personalized language generation models. We show an AI Ghostwriter Effect:Users do not consider themselves the owners and authors of AI-generated text but refrain from publicly declaring AI authorship.The degree of personalization did not impact the AI Ghostwriter Effect, and control over the model increased participants' sense of ownership. We also found that the discrepancy between the sense of ownership and the authorship declaration is stronger in interactions with a human ghostwriter and that people use similar rationalizations for authorship in AI ghostwriters and human ghostwriters. We discuss how our findings relate to psychological ownership and human-AI interaction to lay the foundations for adapting authorship frameworks and user interfaces in AI in text-generation tasks.

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“…Carvalho, Chung, and Koliska (2018) found that in the absence of authentic closeness the audience loses confidence with the individual or the platform. This happens, for example, in media that use ghostwriting, especially social media (henceforth: “postwriting”).…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their conclusion: messages written by famous personalities, or under their name, gave the audience a feeling of this being "real," that is, the celebrities were talking to them, leading the fans to provide supportive actions toward the personality. Carvalho, Chung, and Koliska (2018) found that in the absence of authentic closeness the audience loses confidence with the individual or the platform. This happens, for example, in media that use ghostwriting, especially social media (henceforth: "postwriting").…”

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confidence: 99%

Political “Postwriting” on Facebook: Public Perceptions About Parliamentarians’ (Un)Real SNS Involvement

Ben-Porat

Lehman‐Wilzig

2019

Social Media + Society

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Theoretical research on political communication between MPs and the public has focused on the role, activities, and perceptions of the MPs themselves without noting the existence of an intermediate layer: parliamentary assistants (PAs). This study attempts to investigate how the public perceives, practically and ethically, the (non)involvement of MPs, that is, reliance on PAs for SNSs (social network sites) communication with the public and to fill out the theoretical void in the discourse process. Questionnaires were sent to all 120 members of the 20th Israeli Knesset (MKs), with 44 responding. We examined the extent of their involvement and the MKs’ use patterns of Facebook, creating a model of four MK involvement levels. The idea was to check the extent of PAs’ authoring posts on behalf of MKs, what we call “Postwriting” (= post ghostwriting) in the MK’s name (or giving the impression that the MKs had themselves posted). Then we conducted a public opinion poll ( N = 505) in order to discern what the public thought about the nature of its relationship with MKs on Facebook, compared to the findings that emerged from the model of the MKs’ involvement in actual practice. The two parts of the study also enabled us to investigate the ethical perceptions and implications arising from the study.

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Defying transparency: Ghostwriting from the Jazz Age to social media

Cited by 6 publications

References 51 publications

Dispersing the Opacity of Transparency in Journalism on the Appeal of Different Forms of Transparency to the General Public

Dispersing the Opacity of Transparency in Journalism on the Appeal of Different Forms of Transparency to the General Public

The AI Ghostwriter Effect: Users Do Not Perceive Ownership of AI-Generated Text But Self-Declare as Authors

Political “Postwriting” on Facebook: Public Perceptions About Parliamentarians’ (Un)Real SNS Involvement

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