Degradable hyaluronic acid/chitosan polyelectrolyte multilayers with marine fouling-release properties

Abstract

Polysaccharide multilayers consisting of hyaluronic acid and chitosan were prepared by layer-by-layer assembly. To be used in seawater, the multilayers were crosslinked to a different degree using thermal or chemical methods. ATR-FTIR revealed different amide densities as result of the crosslinking conditions. AFM showed that crosslinking affected the roughness and swelling behavior of the coatings. Stability and degradability of the multilayers in aqueous environments was monitored with spectroscopic ellipsometry. Resistance of the coatings against non-specific protein adsorption was characterized by SPR spectroscopy. Settlement assays using Ulva linza zoospores and removal assays using the diatom Navicula incerta showed that the slowly degradable coatings were less prone to fouling than the strongly crosslinked ones. Thus, the coatings were a suitable model system to show that crosslinking the multilayers under mild condition and equipping the coatings with controlled degradation rates enhances their antifouling and fouling-release properties against marine fouling organisms.

Layer-by-Layer Deposited Hybrid Polymer Coatings Based on Polysaccharides and Zwitterionic Silanes with Marine Antifouling Properties

“…AFM revealed that the assembled LBLHPs had swelling ratios between 186 and 278%. In comparison, previous studies showed that the swelling ratio for HA-CH-PEMs that were thermally and chemically cross-linked was only 51–94% and 119–196%, respectively . When stabilized as hybrid polymers cross-linked via silane sol–gel chemistry, the value was 213% for HA-CH-TEMS, while that for the hybrid polymer coatings based on the zwitterionic silane (HA-CH-ISTES) is slightly higher at 235%.…”

“…At first glance, the high swelling tendency of the multilayer coatings seemed to be contradictory to the relatively large WCAs. After curing of the sol–gel chemistry, the WCAs were between 37 and 64° compared to around 20° for the HA-CH-PEMs without cross-linking treatment . Obviously, the presence of the silane cross-linking groups renders the coatings less hydrophilic while still preserving a decent degree of swelling.…”

“…In a recent study, thermally cross-linked HA-CH-PEMs effectively deterred U. linza zoospores from attaching to the coatings and chemically cross-linked HA-CH-PEMs showed good resistance against nonspecific adsorption of proteins and the attachment of the diatom Navicula incerta . Thus, the polysaccharide chemistry itself showed promising properties, while the cross-linking method required some further development.…”

“…LBLHPs were built up on 12.5 mm × 12.5 mm glass slides, which were first coated with a 50 Å titanium layer and a 600 Å gold layer on which a monolayer of AUDT was assembled before the LBLHPs were constructed. Subsequent procedures follow previous reports . The solutions of the proteinsfibrinogen or bovine serum albumin (BSA) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis)were freshly prepared before each experiment.…”

Chondroitin Sulphate and Gas Foaming Concurrently Improve Articular Cartilage Regeneration in Electrospun Poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone)/Silk Fibroin Based Scaffolds

“…The band at 3435 cm − 1 observed in 3DCSS corresponded to the stretching vibrations of O-H in the CS. The new amide bond formed by the carboxyl groups of the CS and the amino group (-NH 2 ) of the SF by EDC/NHS coupling, which was con rmed by the shift of the peak of amide bond II from 1540 cm − 1 toward 1553 cm − 1 [36,37]. Moreover, an additional carbonyl peak at 1635 cm − 1 in the 3DCSS spectrum near amide I further indicated the presence of CS in the 3DCSS.…”