Degradation and Recyclability of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate)

Venkatachalam, S.; Nayak, Shilpa G.; Labde, Jayprakash V.; Gharal, Prashant R.; Rao, K. Rajesh; Kelkar, Anil K.

doi:10.5772/48612

Cited by 117 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The stoichiometric relation can vary but is reported by Teijin to be 69% DMT and 31% EG. 26 Teijin's route includes that the material is cut, washed and then compounded/dissolved in EG at its boiling point under pressure of 1 bar to depolymerize to bishydroxyethyl terephthalate (BHET) which is later reacted with methanol in an autoclave equipment to produce DMT and EG by ester exchange reaction at the boiling point of methanol (Venkatachalam et al, 2012). The DMT and EG are then purified, probably via distillation at 200○C, see Figure 22 below.…”

Section: Induced Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaining benefits from discarded textiles

Schmidt¹,

Watson²,

Roos³

et al. 2016

TemaNord

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Section: Induced Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaining benefits from discarded textiles

Schmidt¹,

Watson²,

Roos³

et al. 2016

TemaNord

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“…PET is a semicrystalline polymer with a simple long chain belong to polyester family and possesses outstanding properties like chemical inertness, high mechanical strength, toughness, and fatigue resistance. In PET structure, aromatic ring is coupled with a short aliphatic chain of a total length of 1.09 nm and a molecular weight of approximately 200 [4]. PET film was developed by injection molding and extrusion in late 1950s and was mostly utilized in videos, photographic and X-ray films as well as in flexible packaging.…”

Section: Motivationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this structure, an aromatic ring is coupled with a short aliphatic chain with the total length of 1.09 nm and molecular weight of ~200 [4]. In comparison with other polymers like polyolefin or polyamide, PET is stiff with fairly high thermal stability due to its structure.…”

Section: Diamond-like Carbon Thin Films On Polyethylene Terephthalatementioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication and characterization of adherent diamond-like carbon based thin films on polyethylene terephthalate by end hall ion beam deposition

Ashtijoo

Bhattacherjee

Sutarto

et al. 2016

Surface and Coatings Technology

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The application of Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has been steadily increasing during recent years. However, its low wear resistance, high gas permeation rate and poor biocompatibility have significantly limited its applications in some specific areas. On the contrary, diamond-like carbon (DLC) possesses many unique properties such as the high hardness, low friction coefficient, high transparency, good gas barrier, excellent biocompatibility, and low synthesis temperature, which makes it an ideal coating material for modifying the surfaces of PET for applications as food and beverage containers and biomedical implants. Nevertheless, the adhesion of DLC on PET is poor due to the high stress induced by ion bombardment during DLC deposition and the large mechanical property mismatch between the coating and the substrate. Therefore, it is very important to develop techniques to lower the stress of DLC and to enhance the adhesion strength of DLC to PET.In the present thesis work, low energy end-hall (EH) ion source and element (N and Si) doping were used to deposit DLC to lower its internal stress and ion beam treatment was performed to modify the surface of PET to enhance the adhesion between DLC and PET. In addition, two different hydrocarbon gases (CH 4 and C 2 H 2 ) were used as precursors for DLC deposition in order to understand the effect of precursor gas. The structure and properties of the treated PET and deposited DLC films were characterized by various advanced techniques: The adhesion of DLC to PET was assessed using scratch testing; the composition and bonding states of DLC and treated PET were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS); the hardness and Young's modulus were measured by nano-indentation; the tribological properties of the coated materials were evaluated by pin-on-disk sliding testing; and the surface tomography and surface roughness were investigated by atomic force microscopy and N forms sp 3 C-N and sp 2 C=N bonds in the films. Consequently, the hardness values decrease from 11.5 GPa for pure DLC to 7.0 GPa for N-DLC samples whereas the hardness of Si-DLC increases with increasing the silicon content. In addition, N doping can reduce residual stress of DLC and thus increases adhesion of DLC. The DLC films deposited using methane show better properties than using acetylene. By optimizing the conditions, dense, smooth, and adhesive DLC films have been deposited onto PET using EH ion source by combining N doping and O ion treatment with methane as precursor gas.iv AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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“…Therefore, the new FRP composites were called large rupture strain FRPs (LRS-FRPs). PET polymers keep their mechanical strengths up to a temperature of 150-175 °C [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Confinement pressure is the lateral pressure from the FRP tube that confines the concrete core when the concrete material starts to expand. The confinement pressure and the confinement ratio can be calculated using Equations (1) and (2). The dilation angle is defined as the inclination of the failure surface towards the hydrostatic axis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concrete-Filled-Large Deformable FRP Tubular Columns under Axial Compressive Loading

Abdelkarim

ElGawady

2015

Fibers

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Abstract:The behavior of concrete-filled fiber tubes (CFFT) polymers under axial compressive loading was investigated. Unlike the traditional fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) such as carbon, glass, aramid, etc., the FRP tubes in this study were designed using large rupture strains FRP which are made of recycled materials such as plastic bottles; hence, large rupture strain (LRS) FRP composites are environmentally friendly and can be used in the context of green construction. This study performed finite element (FE) analysis using LS-DYNA software to conduct an extensive parametric study on CFFT. The effects of the FRP confinement ratio, the unconfined concrete compressive strength ( ′ ), column size, and column aspect ratio on the behavior of the CFFT under axial compressive loading were investigated during this study. A comparison between the behavior of the CFFTs with LRS-FRP and those with traditional FRP (carbon and glass) with a high range of confinement ratios was conducted as well. A new hybrid FRP system combined with traditional and LRS-FRP is proposed. Generally, the CFFTs with LRS-FRP showed remarkable behavior under axial loading in strength and ultimate strain. Equations to estimate the concrete dilation parameter and dilation angle of the CFFTs with LRS-FRP tubes and hybrid FRP tubes are suggested.

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Degradation and Recyclability of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate)

Cited by 117 publications

References 36 publications

Gaining benefits from discarded textiles

Gaining benefits from discarded textiles

Fabrication and characterization of adherent diamond-like carbon based thin films on polyethylene terephthalate by end hall ion beam deposition

Concrete-Filled-Large Deformable FRP Tubular Columns under Axial Compressive Loading

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