Degradation of Ampicillin and Flucloxacillin Antibiotics via Oxidation by Alkaline Hexacyanoferrate(III): Kinetics and Mechanistic Aspects

Abstract

The kinetics and mechanistic aspects of the oxidation of two beta-lactam antibiotics (A), ampicillin and flucloxacillin, by alkaline hexacyanoferrate(III) (HCF(III)) were examined using spectrophotometry at a fixed temperature. The oxidation reactions showed a 1:4 (A: HCF(III)) stoichiometry. The reaction kinetics were found to follow first-order dependence for the oxidant and fractional first-order dependence for [A] and [OH − ]. The enhancement of the ionic strength and dielectric constant was found to increase the oxidation rates. Free radical tests of the reactions showed positive results. The addition of HCF(II) as a predicted oxidation product did not considerably change the oxidation rates. Under the same experimental conditions, the oxidation rate of ampicillin was found to be slightly lower than that of flucloxacillin. The acquired oxidation products were recognized using spot testing and Fourier transform infrared spectra. A conceivable oxidation mechanism was suggested. A derived rate law expression was found to be consistent with the experimental results. The activation parameters were assessed and discussed.

Dosing Considerations for Combination Antistaphylococcal β-Lactam and Glyco/lipopeptide Salvage Therapy for Resistant Gram-Positive Infections: A Systematic Review

“…16,20-26 In addition, the largest sample size within the primary literature showed strong success of vancomycin in combination with flucloxacillin 2 g IV every 6 hours, though it is important to note that this product is not available in the United States and that ampicillin may represent a reasonable alternative. 20,27 The consideration of ampicillin is extrapolated from pharmacological and biochemical information and has not specifically been vetted in practice. 27 Other antistaphylococcal β-lactams utilized within the primary literature reviewed included nafcillin, oxacillin, and piperacillin-tazobactam, which also provided the same success in resolution of infection.…”

“…20,27 The consideration of ampicillin is extrapolated from pharmacological and biochemical information and has not specifically been vetted in practice. 27 Other antistaphylococcal β-lactams utilized within the primary literature reviewed included nafcillin, oxacillin, and piperacillin-tazobactam, which also provided the same success in resolution of infection. Selection of agents should be based on site of infection, clinical expertise, evaluation of potential safety concerns, and patient-specific dose adjustments based on renal or hepatic function.…”

“…16 Safety concerns with vancomycin include nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, reversible neutropenia, and hypokalemia. 27 Safety concerns for β-lactam antibiotics include interstitial nephritis, hypersensitivity reactions, and potential for superinfections. 28 Specifically, risks associated with the use of ceftaroline include C difficile –associated diarrhea, severe skin and hypersensitivity reactions, encephalopathy, and seizures, potentially requiring discontinuation.…”

Effective Treatment Methodology for Environmental Safeguard Catalytic Degradation of Fluconazole by Permanganate Ions in Different Acidic Environments: Kinetics, Mechanistics, RSM, and DFT Modeling

“…The safe disposal of waste that is harmful to the environment is one of the most prominent challenges at the present time, especially with the technological and industrial development. − Medications or medical drugs are chemical substances used to detect, remedy, or avoid diseases in human, animals, and plants. − While medical drugs are fundamentally essential, they are foreign substances to the human body and must be eliminated after showing their medical role via the drug metabolism process in which drugs undergo a certain chemical reaction such as oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and so forth. Drug metabolism may transform drugs to medically effective, ineffective, or toxic materials that are excreted into the ecosystem and water sites. − Since the structures of these metabolites comprise complex organic compounds which can also stay in the environment for a long time without removal, these metabolites can be deliberated as dangerous pollutants. − Consequently, there is a huge interest to recognize efficient green treating methods or techniques for the removal or degradation of these materials to protect the ecosystem and human health. − …”

Unprecedented Treatment Strategy of Aquatic Environments: Oxidative Degradation of Penicillin G by Chromium Trioxide in Acidic Media and the Impact of Metal Ion Catalysts: Kinetics and Mechanistic Insights

“…Thus, these materials are very dangerous pollutants for the ecological system and human health . Therefore, removal or degradation studies of antibiotics in aqueous media became part of significant environmental research. − Conventional treatment technologies of pharmaceuticals pollution based on biological treatment are ineffective ways for removal of such harmful materials from water sources. , Nevertheless, chemical oxidation is a noteworthy manner for antibiotics degradation in aqueous media. − Oxidation of pharmaceutical drugs − plays a chief role in water treatment methods or in understanding drug metabolism in pharmacokinetic investigation. Chemical oxidation is considered as a more believable strategy for degradation of pharmaceutical drugs in wastewater and surface and ground water.…”