Unprecedented Treatment Strategy of Aquatic Environments: Oxidative Degradation of Penicillin G by Chromium Trioxide in Acidic Media and the Impact of Metal Ion Catalysts: Kinetics and Mechanistic Insights

Abstract

Degradation kinetics and pathways of the antibiotic penicillin G (Pen) have been examined via oxidation by chromium trioxide (Cr VI ) in aqueous sulfuric and perchloric acid media. The oxidation reactions were monitored by spectrophotometry at 298 K. In both acidic media, penicillin G oxidation was set to proceed through acid catalysis. The stoichiometry of the reactions designated that 3 moles of Pen required 2 moles of Cr VI . The kinetics of Pen oxidation in both acids was of the first order with regard to [Cr VI ] and less-than unity order with regard to [Pen] and [H + ] in their variation. The rates of reactions displayed negligible impacts upon altering ionic strengths or dielectric constants of the reaction media. There was no intrusion of free radicals throughout the redox reactions. Addition of low concentrations of Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , and Zn 2+ ions enhanced the oxidation rates, while addition of Cr 3+ as a described product did not noteworthily alter the rates. Under comparable investigational circumstances, the oxidation rates in HClO 4 were almost 2-fold greater than in H 2 SO 4 . The oxidation products of penicillin G were identified by spectral analysis and spot tests as phenyl acetic acid, 2-formyl-5,5-dimethyl-thiazolidine-4-carboxlate ion, ammonium ion, and carbon dioxide. Reliance of reaction rates on temperature has been explored, and the activation and thermodynamic parameters were estimated and debated. In view of the noted reactions’ orders and products’ identification, a plausible mechanism for the oxidation reactions was suggested. The derived rate law was set to be in accordance with the acquired results. This study offers an unprecedented simple and low-cost treatment method for removal or degradation of certain pollutants for protecting the environment and human health.

Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Antimicrobial Polymers Based on the Inclusion of Polyethylene Glycol/TiO2 Nanocomposites in Cyclodextrin as Drug Carriers for Sulfaguanidine

“…NPs interact with cellular organelles and biomolecules such as DNA, enzymes, ribosomes, and lysosomes, influencing cell membrane permeability, protein activation, gene expression, and oxidative stress [48]. In the current study, PEG/TiO 2 (2) was effective against all tested bacterial strains, in close agreement with other previous works [86,87]. As PEG/TiO 2 NPS are smaller in size, they are expected to have a better chance of interacting with bacteria or better access to endogenous bacterial proteins.…”

“…The question is, what is the effect of adding a sulfa drug to the composition of compound (2)? The results indicated that this combination significantly modifies the properties of the sulfaguanidine and increases antibacterial and antibiotic efficacy when mixed with PEG/TiO 2 /Drug (5), compared to using the pure drug (SULFA) or even using a mixture of PEG/TiO 2 (2). Moreover, the efficacy was much higher in the use of PEG/α-CD/TiO 2 (3) polymer, but the effect only occurred on Gram-negative strains; even after the addition of a sulfaguanidine to the complex, i.e., PEG/α-CD/TiO 2 NPs/Drug (6), the efficacy was also only good against Gram-negative strains.…”

“…The recent technological development can be considered a double-edged sword due to its negative impact on human health, especially the issue of environmental pollution and the spread of many chronic diseases such as autoimmune, metabolism, and cancer [1][2][3]. Unfortunately, some of these diseases are still difficult to treat by conventional pharmacotherapy that relies primarily on many factors such as solubility, molecular weight, and hydrogen bonds, all of which can impede the achievement of a therapeutic response.…”

Effective Treatment Methodology for Environmental Safeguard Catalytic Degradation of Fluconazole by Permanganate Ions in Different Acidic Environments: Kinetics, Mechanistics, RSM, and DFT Modeling

“…In various media, medical drugs are generally subjected to a variety of oxidation processes resulting in their decomposition or degradation. − Throughout these oxidation processes, oxidizers convert harmful or toxic materials to lower toxic ones which can be discharged safely to the environment. − Thus, oxidation of medical drugs has been considered as one of the supreme substantial methods for drug degradation and water-treating processes . Fluconazole is a significant antifungal drug utilized for a wide number of fungal infections.…”

“… 26 − 30 Thus, oxidation of medical drugs has been considered as one of the supreme substantial methods for drug degradation and water-treating processes. 31 Fluconazole is a significant antifungal drug utilized for a wide number of fungal infections. Literature review illuminated very few reports that have been published on the oxidative degradation of fluconazole.…”