Degradation of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in buried fox baits

Saunders, Glen; McLeod, Steven R.; Kay, Barry J.

doi:10.1071/wr99031

Cited by 34 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Management of both techniques in field conditions would be similar. In Foxoff ® baits, features of cabergoline degradation are comparable to features of 1080 poison degradation (Saunders et al 2000). These include stability in dry conditions in the first 2 weeks, but the potential for rapid loss over this period through leaching and decomposition by insects, followed by breakdown of the carrier bait in the third week, and retention of low levels of the active agent for up to 8 weeks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To progress towards registration, information is required on the stability of cabergoline in baits that are deployed under field conditions. Comparable studies have been conducted on the degradation of 1080 in baits (Fleming and Parker 1991;Saunders et al 2000). It is therefore important to determine whether cabergoline in baits, when exposed to a range of field conditions, can remain effective over a two-week baiting period and, if not recovered, for how long it would remain available to non-targets, such as pregnant domestic dogs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stability of cabergoline in fox baits in laboratory and field conditions

McLean¹,

Brandon²,

Kirkwood³

2007

Wildl. Res.

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Cabergoline is a potent inhibitor of prolactin release and a potential fertility control agent for foxes. To understand how cabergoline could behave in baits deployed for fox control, we conducted laboratory and field trials to investigate the stability of cabergoline when (1) in solution, (2) injected into a bait (deep-fried liver and Foxoff ® ) and (3) exposed to a range of environmental conditions, including burial. Cabergoline, dissolved in a 1% acetic acid solution, and its carboxylic acid hydrolysis product can be assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography. When stored at 4°C and at room temperature, cabergoline in solution was stable for up to 36 days. When stored under cool (≤15°C), dry conditions, cabergoline (800 µg) in commercial Foxoff ® and deep-fried ox-liver baits was stable for 28 and 7 days, respectively; stability was reduced by increases in temperature (tested up to 40°C) and humidity. Recovery of cabergoline from buried baits exposed to a range of field conditions decreased rapidly in the first week, but after 56 days remained detectable at levels of 6-22% of the injected amounts. This study has important implications for baiting campaigns that use cabergoline for fox control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of cabergoline in fox baits in laboratory and field conditions

McLean¹,

Brandon²,

Kirkwood³

2007

Wildl. Res.

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“…Previous studies have shown that buried baits have the lowest non-target uptake compared with surface-laid baits [32,33,34], and we showed evidence that foxes were indeed interested in buried baits in this study. A fox was observed digging up a buried bait more than a month after it was placed out; if this had been a toxic (sodium fluoroacetate; “1080”) bait, it is unlikely it would still contain a lethal dose of 1080 to kill a fox due to leaching into the soil with rainfall or decay of 1080 by microorganisms [35]. Investigating different options that have increased longevity (e.g., poisoned chicken egg baits) may therefore be required.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predation by Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) at an Outdoor Piggery

Fleming,

Dundas,

Lau

et al. 2016

Animals

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Simple SummaryPredation of piglets by red foxes is a significant risk for outdoor/free-range pork producers, but is often difficult to quantify. Using remote sensing cameras, we recorded substantial evidence of red foxes taking piglets from around farrowing huts, and found that piglets were most likely to be recorded as “missing” over their first week. These data suggest that fox predation contributed to the marked production differences between this outdoor farm and a similar-sized intensive farm under the same management, and warrant greater control of this introduced, invasive predator.AbstractOutdoor pig operations are an alternative to intensive systems of raising pigs; however for the majority of outdoor pork producers, issues of biosecurity and predation control require significant management and (or) capital investment. Identifying and quantifying predation risk in outdoor pork operations has rarely been done, but such data would be informative for these producers as part of their financial and logistical planning. We quantified potential impact of fox predation on piglets bred on an outdoor pork operation in south-western Australia. We used remote sensor cameras at select sites across the farm as well as above farrowing huts to record interactions between predators and pigs (sows and piglets). We also identified animal losses from breeding records, calculating weaning rate as a proportion of piglets born. Although only few piglets were recorded lost to fox predation (recorded by piggery staff as carcasses that are “chewed”), it is likely that foxes were contributing substantially to the 20% of piglets that were reported “missing”. Both sets of cameras recorded a high incidence of fox activity; foxes appeared on camera soon after staff left for the day, were observed tracking and taking live piglets (despite the presence of sows), and removed dead carcasses from in front of the cameras. Newly born and younger piglets appeared to be the most vulnerable, especially when they are born out in the paddock, but older piglets were also lost. A significant (p = 0.001) effect of individual sow identification on the weaning rate, but no effect of sow age (parity), suggests that individual sow behavior towards predators influences predation risk for litters. We tracked the movement of piglet carcasses by foxes, and confirmed that foxes make use of patches of native vegetation for cover, although there was no effect of paddock, distance to vegetation, or position on the farm on weaning rate. Trials with non-toxic baits reveal high levels of non-target bait interference. Other management options are recommended, including removing hay from the paddocks to reduce the risks of sows farrowing in open paddocks, and covering or predator-proof fencing the pig carcass pit. Results of this study will have increasing relevance for the expanding outdoor/free-range pork industry, contributing to best practice guidelines for predator control.

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“…Such degradation could ultimately result in the ingestion of sublethal amounts of bait. Several soil bacteria are capable of rapidly degrading 1080, and buried meat baits used for wild dog and fox control are known to have reduced longevity (Saunders et al 2000;Twigg et al 2000;Twigg and Socha 2001). The effectiveness of buried pig bait would also need to be tested in other regions before it became standard practice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bait consumption by, and 1080-based control of, feral pigs in the Mediterranean climatic region of south-western Australia

2007

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The consumption of five non-toxic, grain-based baits, and the effectiveness of the preferred baits when treated with 1080 in reducing pig numbers, were determined for feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in several areas in the Mediterranean agricultural region of Western Australia. Fermented wheat with added blood and bone proved an effective attractant for feral pigs, and for determining areas of pig activity. Wheat and malted barley were the preferred baits, there was a variable response to lupins, and commercial pig pellets were consumed least. Malted barley, barley, and wheat treated with 1080 gave good reductions in pig numbers at the localised scale. Where pigs would eat lupins, 1080-treated lupins were usually effective in reducing pig abundance. In some instances, further evidence of feral pig activity was not seen on several sites for several months after poison-baiting occurred. The addition of a small amount of unpoisoned grain to mask the presence of 1080 did not increase the take of treated bait (P < 0.05). Although finding poisoned pigs was difficult owing to the terrain and the presence of bush remnants, the poisoned pigs found (n = 90) were often within 200 m of active bait stations. 1080-poisoned pigs included both adult (≥25 kg) and non-adult pigs of both sexes. Body mass of these pigs ranged from 4 to 90 kg. In all, 42% of poisoned adults found (n = 50) were 50 kg or more. There was minimal evidence of bait take by non-target species, and, where this occurred, it generally involved the consumption of the fermented wheat attractant by kangaroos (Macropus spp.) and foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Six foxes were known to have been poisoned with 1080-treated grain (4 with malted barley, 2 with wheat). Excluding foxes, no other non-target animals, including native species, were found dead during the intensive searches for poisoned pigs.

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Degradation of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in buried fox baits

Cited by 34 publications

References 19 publications

Stability of cabergoline in fox baits in laboratory and field conditions

Stability of cabergoline in fox baits in laboratory and field conditions

Predation by Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) at an Outdoor Piggery

Bait consumption by, and 1080-based control of, feral pigs in the Mediterranean climatic region of south-western Australia

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