2015
DOI: 10.2118/169699-pa
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Degradation (or Lack Thereof) and Drag Reduction of HPAM Solutions During Transport in Turbulent Flow in Pipelines

Abstract: Rules of thumb that are used in the industry for polymer-flooding projects tend to limit the distance over which hydrolyzed polyacrylamide polymers can be transported in pipelines without undergoing significant degradation. However, in sensitive environments, such as offshore facilities where footprint minimization is required, centralization of the polymer-hydration process and long-distance transport may be desirable. More-reliable rules are required to design the pipe network and to estimate mechanical degr… Show more

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Cited by 22 publications
(10 citation statements)
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“…Finally, it is important to mention that many studies concerning shear degradation for EOR polymers contain industrial data (see, for example, [20,95,96]). This shows the immediate importance and relevance of this research, but the authors may not be able to share all of the formulation or characterization details.…”
Section: Shear Degradationmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 2 more Smart Citations
“…Finally, it is important to mention that many studies concerning shear degradation for EOR polymers contain industrial data (see, for example, [20,95,96]). This shows the immediate importance and relevance of this research, but the authors may not be able to share all of the formulation or characterization details.…”
Section: Shear Degradationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Other industry-based publications report results obtained on a much larger scale [95,96]. In the work by Jouenne et al [95], the degradation of HPAM during turbulent flow in pipelines was considered.…”
Section: Shear Degradationmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…The physics of polymer mechanical degradation is reported in [26]. As indicated by Jouenne et al, "flexible polymer chains have the ability to be extended under elongational flow fields [and the] … stretching of the polymer chains can lead to chain rupture" [27]. For example, xanthan gum, which is a rigid rod-like biopolymer with a double-strand helical structure that aligns in the direction of the flow [26], displays a very high shear resistance because it does not stretch under shearing/elongations forces, which reduces the friction forces on the carbon/carbon backbone.…”
Section: +mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The presence of dissolved oxygen at high temperatures might induce the formation of free radicals which degrade the polymer molecule by cleavage reducing its molecular weight and viscosifying functionality [2]. Besides, if dissolved oxygen is present in the polymer solutions together with very low concentrations of dissolved iron, it might also cause substantial polymer degradation [4,[26][27][28][29][30]. Therefore, to prevent chemical degradation, the AP and the SAP-AP samples were placed in a glove chamber and bubbled with nitrogen at a pressure ranging from 10 to 20 psi for a period of 30 min.…”
Section: Long-term Thermal Stabilitymentioning
confidence: 99%