Degradation Performance of Open-Cell Biomaterials from Phosphated Carbonyl Iron Powder with PEG Coating

Abstract

Advances in biomedicine and development of modern technologies in the last century have fostered the improvement in human longevity and well-being. This progress simultaneously initiated the need for novel biomaterials. Recently, degradable metallic biomaterials have attracted serious attention in scientific and clinical research owing to their utilization in some specific applications. This work investigates the effect of the polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating of open-cell iron and phosphorus/iron foams on their microstructure and corrosion properties. The addition of phosphorus causes a slight increase in pore size and the deposition of a polymer coating results in a smoothened surface and a moderate decrease in pore diameter. The PEG coating leads to an increase in corrosion rates in both foams and potentially a more desirable product.

Corrosion Behavior of Zn, Fe and Fe-Zn Powder Materials Prepared via Uniaxial Compression

“…Recently, biodegradable materials represent the unique field on which physicists, chemists, material engineers and medical communities are intensively focused [2,11,12]. Biodegradable materials can overcome the shortcomings associated with temporary implants, such as post-operational inflammation, thrombus formation and additional operation to remove implants with a transient function [13]. Another advantage of biodegradable materials is the possibility to develop material with optimal degradation time leading to degradation and replacement by host tissue over a given time.…”

Combined Effect of Phosphate and Polymer Coating on Cytotoxicity and Hemocompatibility of Iron Foams

“…Open-cell foams were produced through powder metallurgy by replication method. The Fe foams manufacturing process and materials used have been described in detail in our previous papers [26][27][28]. Briefly, the cylindrical specimens (Ø 10 mm, h 20 mm) cut from the polyurethane (PUR) foam with a pore diameter 1060-1600 m (Filtren® TM 25133, Eurofoam, Brno, Czech Republic), were impregnated with a suspension of carbonyl iron powder (CIP) type CC d50 3.8-5.3 m (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany), gelatin (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Louis, MO, USA) and water for 24 h. To obtain the open cell iron foams, the impregnated PUR foams were sintered in two stages, first for 2 hours at 450°C in a nitrogen atmosphere in a tube furnace Aneta 1 (ANETA, Trenčianska Teplá, Slovakia).…”

“…Estimation of the theoretical sintered density (ρ) and total porosity (π) of the foam samples was performed by gravimetry. The detailed procedure for determining density and porosity has been described in previous publications [27][28][29][30]. Briefly, sintered density was determined from Archimedes' principle ((DIN ISO3369) from the following equation: (1) where m i , m PA , and m PW are the initial mass (g), the mass of the foam sample wrapped in Parafilm foil weighed in air (g), the mass of the foam sample wrapped in Parafilm foil weighed in water (g), 𝜌𝑊 and 𝜌 P are the density (g cm -3 ) of water and Parafilm.…”

“…In general, coated samples showed better biocompatibility than un-coated samples and among them, Fe/P-PEG exhibited higher relative cell viability than Fe-PEG. The positive effect of PEG coating on biocompatibility could be associated with the release of protons due to the oxidative degradation of the polymer layer [8,26,28,32] which allow the compensation of pH increase owing to corrosion of iron scaffolds during immersion in the cultivation medium. This resulted in a lower rise in the pH value of the culture medium during extracts preparation, as follows from Fig.…”

Interaction of thin polyethyleneimine layer with the iron surface and its effect on the electrochemical behavior

“…Another way to achieve enhanced corrosion speed of iron is to apply a thin polymeric layer on its surface. Several studies dealing with this problem, where poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) 27 or polyethyleneglycol (PEG) 28 – 30 has successfully proven the positive effect of the polymer used not only in the terms of degradation acceleration but also in enhancing biological and mechanical properties. In our previous studies 31 , 32 , polyethyleneimine (PEI) has been chosen due to its non-harmful biological properties and corrosion-enhancing potential.…”