Delay of gratification, Porteus Maze Test performance, and behavioral adjustment in a delinquent group.

Roberts, Alan H.; Erikson, Robert V.

doi:10.1037/h0026211

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The second and third studies report the findings of a preliminary and a follow-up study exploring relationships among some measures of ego function and recidivism in delinquent males. The preliminary study, although dependent upon a small N, replicates and extends the findings of several previous studies (Erikson & Roberts, 1966Roberts & Erikson, 1968) demonstrating that the Porteus (5-score measure of impulsiveness, together with associated constructs, reliably differentiates subgroups of delinquents. The follow-up study, in turn, replicates and extends the findings of the preliminary study.…”

supporting

confidence: 83%

Demographic variables, base rates, and personality characteristics associated with recidivism in male delinquents.

Roberts¹,

Erikson²,

Riddle³

et al. 1974

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

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Demographic variables, base rates, and personality characteristics of male delinquents were explored in three studies. The total population discharged from a treatment-oriented facility (N = 455) was followed, and data were recovered from 98%. The recidivism rate was 37.5%, which compares to the recidivism base rates found in similar rehabilitation facilities. Significantly higher rates of recidivism were found among the younger delinquents, delinquents with prior institutional experience, and delinquents who had previously run away from an institution. Two studies of recidivism and impulsivity, foresight and planning ability, delay of gratification, and staff ratings of institutional adjustment are reported. Measures of impulse control and foresight and planning ability differentiated 10 recidivists from 10 nonrecidivists. A follow-up study of 68 consecutively discharged subjects from the same institution replicated the findings with respect to impulse control but not foresight and planning ability. One measure of future time perspective and some staff ratings were also related to recidivism. The Porteus (J-score measure of impulsiveness shows the most promise with respect to predicting recidivism.

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supporting

confidence: 83%

Demographic variables, base rates, and personality characteristics associated with recidivism in male delinquents.

Roberts¹,

Erikson²,

Riddle³

et al. 1974

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

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“…Specifically, research into a constellation of constructs associated with impulsivity (e.g., ability to delay gratification, experience of time) define the delinquent as an individual with a short time horizon (Black & Gregson, 1973) who is oriented toward the present (Davids, Kidder, & Reich, 1962), unconcerned about the "social future" (Trommsdorff & Lamm, 1980). and strongly motivated to attain immediate rewards (Roberts, Erikson, Riddle, & Bacon, 1974). Studies of another biopsychological dimension of personality (e.g., sensation seeking; Zuckerman, 1979) have indicated the existence of a positive relationship between antisocial behavior and the desire for involvement in stimulating, pleasurable, and personally gratifying experiences (Romero, 1996;White, Labouvie, & Bates, 1985).…”

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confidence: 98%

Values and Antisocial Behavior Among Spanish Adolescents

Romero

Sobral

Martín

et al. 2001

The Journal of Genetic Psychology

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A number of studies have indicated that delinquent adolescents have characteristic value systems. However, most of these studies have adopted a "known-groups" design--that is, they have compared institutionalized delinquents and non-institutionalized adolescents, assuming those adolescents to be non-delinquent. Designs of this type do not distinguish effectively between the statistical effects of delinquency and of institutionalization. In this study, the authors investigated relationships between values and self-reported antisocial behavior in three adolescent groups: 435 school-attending boys, 529 school-attending girls, and 95 delinquent boys in juvenile rehabilitation centers or prisons. The results indicate that antisocial behavior is associated with hedonistic values and a lack of interest in conventional values and social values. These relationships cannot be explained by the institutionalization effects.

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“…An early study by Mischel (1961) found that self-reported delinquents were less likely than nondelinquents to choose delayed, larger reinforcements over immediate, smaller reinforcements. In a study of reform-school boys, Roberts and Erickson (1968) found significant correlations among delay behavior, supervisor ratings of student adjustment, and performance on a measure of foresight. A recent study by Rapport, Tucker, DuPaul, Merlo, and Stoner (1986) found that hyper-active children were less likely to choose a delayed reward than their normal counterparts.…”

Section: Delay Of Gratification and Psychopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Delay of Gratification, Psychopathology, and Personality: Is Low Self‐Control Specific to Externaiizing Problems?

Krueger

Caspi

Moffitt

et al. 1996

Journal of Personality

193

133

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We assessed the delay of gratification behavior of 428 twelve- and thirteen-year-old boys, half of whom were known to manifest symptoms of behavioral disturbance. Consistent with the hypothesis that low self-control is a risk factor specific to externalizing (aggressive and delinquent) disorders, boys who showed signs of externalizing disorders tended to seek immediate gratification in a laboratory task more often than both nondisordered boys and boys who showed signs of internalizing (anxious and depressed) disorders. In addition, children who were able to delay immediate gratification were described by their mothers as ego controlled, ego resilient, conscientious, open to experience, and agreeable. These results suggest that poor delay of gratification may be one of a select number of specific risk factors for externalizing disorder, and that good delay of gratification is linked to multiple adaptive tendencies in early adolescence.

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Delay of gratification, Porteus Maze Test performance, and behavioral adjustment in a delinquent group.

Cited by 17 publications

References 13 publications

Demographic variables, base rates, and personality characteristics associated with recidivism in male delinquents.

Demographic variables, base rates, and personality characteristics associated with recidivism in male delinquents.

Values and Antisocial Behavior Among Spanish Adolescents

Delay of Gratification, Psychopathology, and Personality: Is Low Self‐Control Specific to Externaiizing Problems?

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