Delayed Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Treatment Promotes Functional Recovery in Rats With Severe Contusive Spinal Cord Injury

Lee, Jung-Shun; Yang, Cheng-Chang; Kuo, Yu Min; Sze, Chun I.; Hsu, Jung-Yu C; Huang, Yi-Hung; Tzeng, Shun-Fen; Tsai, Ching-Lin; Chen, Hsing-Hong; Jou, I‐Ming

doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e31823b0440

Cited by 24 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…However, comparison of PI with FJ orientation at the upper lumbar spine did not reveal any significant differences. This is similar to a recent study by Toy et al [37], who investigated 120 cadaver specimen and concluded that the highest quarter of pelvic lordosis is associated with FJ arthritis at L5/S1. According to Toy et al [37], pelvic lordosis describes the angle between the pelvic radius line and a line tangent to the upper S1 endplate that intersected at the posterior superior corner of S1.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…(5) Facet joint (FJ) arthritis may arise from several misbalanced forces, such as increased LL, which leads to higher contact forces on the FJs, compression, rotation, and shear as well as more sagittal orientation of the lower lumbar spine, which may lead to spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis [31-36]. However, this may be prevented by compensatory mechanisms of the pelvis and a previous osteologic study [37] has linked increased pelvic lordosis to FJ arthritis at L5/S1. Other previous studies [38,39] have also found an association between the pelvic geometry and lumbar degenerative processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Increased pelvic incidence may lead to arthritis and sagittal orientation of the facet joints at the lower lumbar spine

Jentzsch¹,

Geiger²,

Bouaicha³

et al. 2013

BMC Med Imaging

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BackgroundCorrect sagittal alignment with a balanced pelvis and spine is crucial in the management of spinal disorders. The pelvic incidence (PI) describes the sagittal pelvic alignment and is position-independent. It has barely been investigated on CT scans. Furthermore, no studies have focused on the association between PI and facet joint (FJ) arthritis and orientation. Therefore, our goal was to clarify the remaining issues about PI in regard to (1) physiologic values, (2) age, (3) gender, (4) lumbar lordosis (LL) and (5) FJ arthritis and orientation using CT scans.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed CT scans of 620 individuals, with a mean age of 43 years, who presented to our traumatology department and underwent a whole body CT scan, between 2008 and 2010. The PI was determined on sagittal CT planes of the pelvis by measuring the angle between the hip axis to an orthogonal line originating at the center of the superior end plate axis of the first sacral vertebra. We also evaluated LL, FJ arthritis and orientation of the lumbar spine.Results596 individuals yielded results for (1) PI with a mean of 50.8°. There was no significant difference for PI and (2) age, nor (3) gender. PI was significantly and linearly correlated with (4) LL (p = < 0.0001). Interestingly, PI and (5) FJ arthritis displayed a significant and linear correlation (p = 0.0062) with a cut-off point at 50°. An increased PI was also significantly associated with more sagitally oriented FJs at L5/S1 (p = 0.01).ConclusionPI is not correlated with age nor gender. However, this is the first report showing that PI is significantly and linearly associated with LL, FJ arthritis and more sagittal FJ orientation at the lower lumbar spine. This may be caused by a higher contact force on the lower lumbar FJs by an increased PI. Once symptomatic or in the event of spinal trauma, patients with increased PI and LL could benefit from corrective surgery and spondylodesis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased pelvic incidence may lead to arthritis and sagittal orientation of the facet joints at the lower lumbar spine

Jentzsch¹,

Geiger²,

Bouaicha³

et al. 2013

BMC Med Imaging

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“…That is, while GCSF is upregulated in tSCI, it is downregulated in cSCI with time-to-time changes also in contrary motion with the exception of day 56. As purified GCSF administration alone and in combination with adipose- and bone-marrow-derived stem and neural stem cells has been shown to be highly beneficial in rodent and human tSCI—including increased tissue preservation, reduced apoptosis and scarring, and improved BBB, BMS and A [46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56]—such a paradigm may prove to be even more effective in the all stages of cSCI where a deficiency in GCSF is seen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Level-Specific Differences in Systemic Expression of Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines after Spinal Cord Injury

Hong

Chang

Zavvarian

et al. 2018

IJMS

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While over half of all spinal cord injuries (SCIs) occur in the cervical region, the majority of preclinical studies have focused on models of thoracic injury. However, these two levels are anatomically distinct—with the cervical region possessing a greater vascular supply, grey-white matter ratio and sympathetic outflow relative to the thoracic region. As such, there exists a significant knowledge gap in the secondary pathology at these levels following SCI. In this study, we characterized the systemic plasma markers of inflammation over time (1, 3, 7, 14, 56 days post-SCI) after moderate-severe, clip-compression cervical and thoracic SCI in a rat model. Using high-throughput ELISA panels, we observed a clear level-specific difference in plasma levels of VEGF, leptin, IP10, IL18, GCSF, and fractalkine. Overall, cervical SCI had reduced expression of both pro- and anti-inflammatory proteins relative to thoracic SCI, likely due to sympathetic dysregulation associated with higher level SCIs. However, contrary to the literature, we did not observe level-dependent splenic atrophy with our incomplete SCI model. This is the first study to compare the systemic plasma-level changes following cervical and thoracic SCI using level-matched and time-matched controls. The results of this study provide the first evidence in support of level-targeted intervention and also challenge the phenomenon of high SCI-induced splenic atrophy in incomplete SCI models.

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“…Different studies have already evidenced the beneficial effects of G-CSF in experimental models of SCI [80,81], which seem to be mainly associated with the prevention of excitotoxicity and apoptotic neuronal death, through several possible mechanisms [82]. G-CSF upregulates chaperone proteins, such as nucleophosmin-1 in motoneurons after spinal cord hemisection [83], reduces myeloperoxidase activity and lipid peroxidation [84] and increases glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor A expression in glial cells after spinal cord ischemia [85].…”

Section: Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor: Its Implication In Exmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutrophil contribution to spinal cord injury and repair

Neirinckx

Coste

Franzen

et al. 2014

J Neuroinflammation

123

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Spinal cord injuries remain a critical issue in experimental and clinical research nowadays, and it is now well accepted that the immune response and subsequent inflammatory reactions are of significant importance in regulating the damage/repair balance after injury. The role of macrophages in such nervous system lesions now becomes clearer and their contribution in the wound healing process has been largely described in the last few years. Conversely, the contribution of neutrophils has traditionally been considered as detrimental and unfavorable to proper tissue regeneration, even if there are very few studies available on their precise impact in spinal cord lesions. Indeed, recent data show that neutrophils are required for promoting functional recovery after spinal cord trauma. In this review, we gathered recent evidence concerning the role of neutrophils in spinal cord injuries but also in some other neurological diseases, highlighting the need for further understanding the different mechanisms involved in spinal cord injury and repair.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-014-0150-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Delayed Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Treatment Promotes Functional Recovery in Rats With Severe Contusive Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract: Delayed G-CSF treatment at the subacute stage of severe contusive SCI promoted spinal cord preservation and improved functional outcomes. The mechanism of G-CSF's protection may be related in part to attenuating the infiltration of microglia and macrophages.

Cited by 24 publications

References 44 publications

Increased pelvic incidence may lead to arthritis and sagittal orientation of the facet joints at the lower lumbar spine

Increased pelvic incidence may lead to arthritis and sagittal orientation of the facet joints at the lower lumbar spine

Level-Specific Differences in Systemic Expression of Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines after Spinal Cord Injury

Neutrophil contribution to spinal cord injury and repair

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