“…Specifically, HSI measures the intensity changes at multiple wavelengths, demonstrating the reflection, emission or fluorescence interactions with the target tissues, which indicate the changes in the biological structure of its components and changes in the concentration of intrinsic light-absorbing or luminescent chromophores. Researchers have demonstrated the ability of HSI to detect a wide range of diseases, such as oximetry of the retinal ( Gao et al, 2012 ; Hadoux et al, 2019 ; Lim et al, 2021 ), intestinal ischemia identification ( Barberio et al, 2020 ; Mehdorn et al, 2020 ), histopathological tissue analysis ( Khouj et al, 2018 ), detecting cancer metastases in lung and lymph node tissue ( Zhang et al, 2021 ), blood vessel visualization enhancement ( Bjorgan et al, 2015 ; Fouad Aref et al, 2021 ), identifying skin tumors ( Leon et al, 2020 ; Courtenay et al, 2021 ), evaluating the cholesterol levels ( Milanic et al, 2015 ), diabetic foot, etc. In the field of oncology, HSI technology has been successfully applied to detect head and neck cancer ( Halicek et al, 2017 ; Eggert et al, 2022 ), thyroid and salivary glands ( Halicek et al, 2020 ), gastric cancer ( Li et al, 2019 ; Liu et al, 2020a ), oral cancer ( Jeyaraj et al, 2020 ), colon cancer ( Baltussen et al, 2019 ; Manni, 2020 ; Maktabi, 2021 ) as well as breast cancer ( Kho et al, 2019 ; Aboughaleb et al, 2020 ).…”