Delivering Energy from PEV batteries: V2G, V2B and V2H approaches

Abstract

Abstract. Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) sales have grown in the last years. Depending on the PEV model, each PEV can store approximately between 5-40 kWh of energy. This energy can be used not only for travel purposes but also for other appliances like providing energy for homes (V2H) or buildings (V2B) and even for supply ancillary services to distribution network operators, through vehicle to grid concept (V2G). This paper presents the different strategies that can be found in the literature about delivering energy from PEV batteries. Also, commercial solutions and pilot projects are presented.

Wireless Battery Charger for EV with Circular or Planar Coils: Comparison

“…These vehicles can charge the batteries overnight, and provide the stored energy during the day as required, to the grid, for a building or for a home from a supply point in a parking lot. The importance of this new concept is most evident in the case of a disruption of the electrical power system, being able to support essential services for some time [13].…”

Energy management of micro renewable energy source and electric vehicles at home level

“…Therefore, considering the possibilities described a V2H system must be composed at least of: an EV, a bidirectional charger, a set of household loads, distributed generation on a small scale (micro-RES), a smart meter and a home energy management system (HEMS), similar to that shown in Fig. 2 [24]. In addition, intelligent loads, storage systems, i.e., ESS or battery energy storage system (BESS) and even micro-generation with micro gas turbines, i.e., combined heat and power (CHP) can also be included in the system.…”

Virtual Synchronous Machine-Based Control of a Single-Phase Bi-Directional Battery Charger for Providing Vehicle-to-Grid Services

“…This frequency is integrated to obtain the instantaneous phase angle θ VSM needed for transforming the voltage amplitude reference into a sinusoidal voltage reference. Thus, the grid synchronization of the single-phase VSM is based entirely on the power balance calculated from the dynamic average value of the output power from (7).…”

“…A block diagram of the implementation is shown in Fig. 6, where it can be seen that the only difference from a traditional three-phase implementation is that the dynamic average value of the reactive power in the singlephase circuit, as estimated from (7), is used as the feedback signal. Similarly as for the active power control, the filtering effect of the reactive power calculation based on the SOGI-QSG output signals will be limited as long as the reactive power droop controller is tuned for relatively slow response.…”

“…This can allow for additional V2G functionalities, including inertia emulation with transient power injection from the battery to the grid in case of sudden frequency transients due to loss of generation or other power system faults. Furthermore, the energy from the EV battery can be used to supply small local loads like individual households in islanded operation, even for several hours, in case of power outages in the main grid [5]- [7].…”