Deltoid Human Muscle MTDNA Is Extensively Rearranged in Old Age Subjects

Kovalenko, Sergey A.; Kopsidas, George; Kelso, Joanne; Linnane, A. W.

doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6251

Cited by 72 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Although the proportions of these mutant mtDNAs in aging human tissues rarely exceed 1% [46,47], they represent only 'the tip of the iceberg' of all types of mtDNA damage occurring in the aging process. Moreover, using an LX-PCR technique, it was further demonstrated that mtDNA deletions accumulate in skeletal muscle of aged individuals [39]. Concomitantly, there was a diminution of full-length mtDNA [38].…”

Section: Mitochondria Are the Major Atp Producer In The Cellmentioning

confidence: 97%

Mitochondrial Role in Life and Death of the Cell

Wei¹

2000

J Biomed Sci

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Mitochondria are the major ATP producer of the mammalian cell. Moreover, mitochondria are also the main intracellular source and target of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are continually generated as by-products of aerobic metabolism in human cells. A low level of ROS generated from the respiratory chain was recently proposed to take part in the signaling from mitochondria to the nucleus. Several structural characteristics of mitochondria and the mitochondrial genome enable them to sense and respond to extracellular and intracellular signals or stresses in order to sustain the life of the cell. It has been established that mitochondrial respiratory function declines with age, and that defects in the respiratory chain increase the production of ROS and free radicals in mitochondria. Within a certain concentration range, ROS may induce stress responses of the cell by altering the expression of a number of genes in order to uphold energy metabolism to rescue the cell. However, beyond this threshold, ROS may elicit apoptosis by induction of mitochondrial membrane permeability transition and release of cytochrome c. Intensive research in the past few years has established that mitochondria play a pivotal role in the early phase of apoptosis in mammalian cells. In this article, the role of mitochondria in the determination of life and death of the cell is reviewed on the basis of recent findings gathered from this and other laboratories.

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Section: Mitochondria Are the Major Atp Producer In The Cellmentioning

confidence: 97%

Mitochondrial Role in Life and Death of the Cell

Wei¹

2000

J Biomed Sci

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“…The authors explained this increased production of ROS by a decline in mitochondrial respiratory function with aging. In fact, respiratory control, the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation, the rates of resting (state 4) and ADP-stimulated (state 3) respiration, and the activities of respiratory enzyme complexes have all been observed to decline with age in various human tissues [54,55]. These findings have led to the proposal that impairment of mitochondrial respiratory function is associated with or is responsible for higher free-radical levels in older subjects.…”

Section: Aging and Oxidative Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radical Oxygen Species, Exercise and Aging: An Update

et al. 2015

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It is now well established that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role as both deleterious and beneficial species. In fact, ROS act as secondary messengers in intracellular signalling cascades; however, they can also induce cellular senescence and apoptosis. Aging is an intricate phenomenon characterized by a progressive decline in physiological functions and an increase in mortality, which is often accompanied by many pathological diseases. ROS are involved in age-associated damage to macromolecules, and this may cause derangement in ROS-mediated cell signalling, resulting in stress and diseases. Moreover, the role of oxidative stress in age-related sarcopenia provides strong evidence for the important contribution of physical activity to limit this process. Regular physical activity is considered a preventive measure against oxidative stress-related diseases. The aim of this review is to summarize the currently available studies investigating the effects of chronic and/or acute physical exercise on the oxidative stress process in healthy elderly subjects. Although studies on oxidative stress and physical activity are limited, the available information shows that acute exercise increases ROS production and oxidative stress damage in older adults, whereas chronic exercise could protect elderly subjects from oxidative stress damage and reinforce their antioxidant defences. The available studies reveal that to promote beneficial effects of physical activity on oxidative stress, elderly subjects require moderate-intensity training rather than high-intensity exercise.

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“…Mitochondrial DNA deletions and mutations increase in human skeletal muscle with increasing age [39][40][41][42][43][44]. Mitochondria DNA damage is associated with muscle fiber atrophy and loss [45].…”

Section: Oxidative Stress and Sarcopeniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Carotenoids as protection against sarcopenia in older adults

Semba

Lauretani

Ferrucci

2007

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics

138

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Sarcopenia, or loss of muscle mass and strength, plays a major role in the disablement process in older adults and increases the risk of impaired physical performance, falls, physical disability, frailty, and death. Oxidative stress is a major mechanism implicated in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia; aging muscle shows increased oxidative damage to DNA, protein, and lipids. Carotenoids quench free radicals, reduce damage from reactive oxygen species, and appear to modulate redox-sensitive transcription factors such as NF-κB that are involved in the upregulation of IL-6 and other proinflammatory cytokines. Recent epidemiological studies in community-dwelling older adults show that low serum/plasma carotenoids are independently associated with low skeletal muscle strength and the development of walking disability. These observations are consistent with a growing number of studies showing that a diet with high intake of fruits and vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of inflammation, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. KeywordsAging; Carotene; Carotenoids; Cryptoxanthin; Inflammation; Lutein; Lycopene; Muscle; Sarcopenia; Zeaxanthin Sarcopenia, a condition characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength with aging, is considered a key factor in the process of disablement in older adults [1]. Sarcopenia is associated with decreased lower extremity performance [2], functional impairment [3], falls [4,5], physical disability [6][7][8], and frailty [9]. Low skeletal muscle strength is predictive of disability [10,11] and mortality [12,13]. About one-third of women and two-thirds of men sixty years and older in the US have sarcopenia, and the estimated direct health care cost attributable to sarcopenia in the US in 2000 alone was $18.5 billion [6].Humans lose about 20-40% of both skeletal muscle mass and strength from 20 to 80 years of age [14,15]. Age-related changes in skeletal muscle include a decrease in muscle crosssectional area, a loss of muscle fibers, and fiber atrophy, as well as a decrease in muscle strength. Currently, there is no formal, widely-accepted clinical definition for sarcopenia. Appendicular lean mass as determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) 1 scanning [16] and skeletal muscle index as determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) [17] have been used to define sarcopenia. However, the quality and composition of muscle fibers cannot be determined using DEXA or BIA, and alternatively, low skeletal muscle strength has been used as a measure of sarcopenia [18]. Low grip, hip, and knee strength are often used in epidemiological studies of aging to measure sarcopenia. In relation to the risk of *Corresponding

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Deltoid Human Muscle MTDNA Is Extensively Rearranged in Old Age Subjects

Cited by 72 publications

References 16 publications

Mitochondrial Role in Life and Death of the Cell

Mitochondrial Role in Life and Death of the Cell

Radical Oxygen Species, Exercise and Aging: An Update

Carotenoids as protection against sarcopenia in older adults

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