Deltoid Tuberosity Index: A Simple Radiographic Tool to Assess Local Bone Quality in Proximal Humerus Fractures

Abstract

Background Osteoporosis may complicate surgical fixation and healing of proximal humerus fractures and should be assessed preoperatively. Peripheral quantitative CT (pQCT) and the Tingart measurement are helpful methods, but both have limitations in clinical use because of limited availability (pQCT) or fracture lines crossing the area of interest (Tingart measurement). The aim of our study was to introduce and validate a simple cortical index to assess the quality of bone in proximal humerus fractures using AP radiographs. Questions/purposes We asked: (1) How do the deltoid tuberosity index and Tingart measurement correlate with each other, with patient age, and local bone mineral density (BMD) of the humeral head, measured by pQCT? (2) Which threshold values for the deltoid tuberosity index and Tingart measurement optimally discriminate poor local bone quality of the proximal humerus? (3) Are the deltoid tuberosity index and Tingart measurement clinically applicable and reproducible in patients with proximal humerus fractures? Methods The deltoid tuberosity index was measured immediately above the upper end of the deltoid tuberosity. At this position, where the outer cortical borders become parallel, the deltoid tuberosity index equals the ratio between the outer cortical and inner endosteal diameter. In the first part of our study, we retrospectively measured the deltoid tuberosity index on 31 patients (16 women, 15 men; mean age, 65 years; range, 22-83 years) who were scheduled for elective surgery other than fracture repair. Inclusion criteria were available native pQCT scans, AP shoulder radiographs taken in internal rotation, and no previous shoulder surgery. The deltoid tuberosity index and the Tingart measurement were measured on the preoperative internal rotation AP radiograph. The second part of our study was performed by reviewing 40 radiographs of patients with proximal humerus fractures (31 women, nine men; median age, 65 years; range, 22-88 years). Interrater (two surgeons) and intrarater (two readings) reliabilities, applicability, and diagnostic accuracy were assessed. Results The correlations between radiograph measurements and local BMD (pQCT) were strong for the deltoid tuberosity index (r = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.63-0.90; p \ 0.001) and moderate for the Tingart measurement (r = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.42-0.83; p \ 0.001). There was moderate correlation between patient age and the deltoid tuberosity index (r = 0.65; p \ 0.001), patient age and the Tingart measurement (r = 0.69; p \ 0.001), and patient age and pQCT (r = 0.73; p \ 0.001). The correlation between the deltoid tuberosity index and the Tingart measurement was strong (r = 0.84; p \ 0.001). We determined the cutoff value for Each author certifies that he or she, or a member of his or her immediate family, has no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Inte...

Humeral head circle‐fit method greatly increases reliability and accuracy when measuring anterior–posterior radiographs of the proximal humerus

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Radiographic morphometry and densitometry predict strength of cadaveric proximal humeri more reliably than age and DXA scan density

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“…Note the thin cortical bone structure distally of the stem, as a sign for osteopenia. 36 increased to 11.9% when only the outer 50% of the thickness were considered.…”

“…34,35 The thin cortical bone of the humerus distal to the stem of the prosthesis is also indicative of osteoporosis, even if a deltoid tuberosity index cannot be calculated formally due to the alterations of the bony structure (Figure 1). 36 The longlasting infection has probably also weakened the surrounding bone.…”

“…The alterations of the bone structure are so marked that this not only is an image of loosening, but suggestive of infection. Note the thin cortical bone structure distally of the stem, as a sign for osteopenia …”