“…For fixed walls, the no-slip boundary condition is employed (noSplip in OpenFOAM), whereas the option rotatingWallVelocity is used for the rotating walls in order to specify the constant rotation rate of the impeller. The inletOutlet routine of OpenFOAM is employed with the static pressure P = 0 Pa at the outflow box set a boundary condition that enforces: (i) a Neumann-type zero-gradient boundary condition for the velocity field if the fluid flows out of the computational domain and (ii) a Dirichlet-type boundary condition if the velocity field in the domain would require a fluid inflow, which is obtained by extrapolation from the bulk 27 . Distinct mesh zones are coupled at their interfaces using the coupling condition cyclicAMI, which applies to the interfaces between: (i) inlet pipe and impeller, (ii) impeller and diffuser, and (iii) diffuser and outflow box.…”