Demand Side Management Potential of Domestic Water Heaters and Space Heaters

Abstract

Demand Side Management (DSM) is a viable strategy for facilitating integration of renewable energy into power systems. The demand resource from water and space heating can be used to reduce or delay system demand peaks, and in combination with other flexible loads, reshape the aggregate demand profile and manage system ramping. In this paper, the aggregate power draw profiles for heat pump based water heating and under floor space heating systems for the Irish domestic sector have been synthesized and the effects of daily and seasonal variations, the type of dwelling and control / usage patterns on demand are discussed. The results show a significant seasonal and daily variation of the demand profile for water and space heating, indicating its viability as a DSM resource on the Irish power system, but also the challenges of operation.

Demand Response Model Development for Smart Households Using Time of Use Tariffs and Optimal Control—The Isle of Wight Energy Autonomous Community Case Study

“…The EV battery can consume power from the bus and give power to the bus when it is connected to the EV charger at the household. Thus, P EV can be negative or positive and the bounds on the power release and consumption are conveyed by Equation (16). The EV battery does not consume power from the bus nor does it give power to the bus when it is disconnected from the EV charger.…”

“…For the households, the application of DR strategies has been investigated by researchers to schedule the operation of: space heating systems [15], electric water heating systems [16], heat pumps [17], photovoltaics-battery systems [18], wind energy generation [19], solar hot water systems [20], washing machines, and dishwashers [21]. Various approaches have been used for modelling such as the Markovian model [22], game theory [23], the home energy management system (HEMS) model [24], mixed integer linear programing [25] and the ant colony optimisation algorithm [26].…”

Analysing the impact of large-scale decentralised demand side response on frequency stability

“…However, it is important to recognise differences between flexible load and conventional generators in terms of their available capacity and sustained response. For thermostatically controlled appliances (TCAs), variations in ambient temperature as well as user interaction affect the demand resource as a function of time of day and year [3].…”