“…The analyses are based on data from the German Family Panel pairfam ("Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics"), a multidisciplinary, longitudinal study of partnership and family dynamics in Germany (Brüderl, Garrett, et al, 2017;Huinink et al, 2011). The annually surveyed nationwide random sample includes respondents of the birth cohorts 1971 to 1973, 1981 to 1983, and 1991 to 1993. To allow for more in-depth comparisons of family dynamics in eastern and western Germany, a subsample was drawn in 2009 and 2010 that oversampled eastern Germans of the cohorts 1971 to 1973 and 1981 to 1983 (Kreyenfeld, Huinink, Trappe, & Walke, 2012). The German Family Panel is well-suited for examining how father-child contact is contingent on the father's union history and current status, as it provides the full union histories of all respondents, including periods of living apart together relationships.…”