Demografía de las cooperativas en tiempos de crisis

Abstract

El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar cómo la crisis de 2008 afectó a la demografía empresarial de las cooperativas y comparar su situación con la de los años anteriores y posteriores a la misma. Para ello se acota el período de crisis y se define un período pre-crisis y uno post-crisis. El estudio avanza a través de tres campos de análisis como son la dinámica empresarial, el componente estructural y el ámbito territorial. La dinámica empresarial se estudia a través de la evolución de las tasas de entrada, salida y supervivencia. El componente estructural presenta los efectos de la crisis distinguiendo por tamaño y por clase de cooperativa. Por último, en el ámbito territorial se aplica la técnica de análisis regional Shift-Share para identificar y descomponer el crecimiento del empleo cooperativo entre el efecto regional y el efecto sectorial. Entre los resultados obtenidos destacamos los siguientes. Primero, la crisis incrementó el comportamiento pro-cíclico de las cooperativas. Segundo, fueron las medianas y grandes cooperativas las que mostraron mayor resistencia al tiempo que la antigüedad fue un garante de supervivencia pero no de preservación de empleo. Tercero, se produjo un proceso de creación de cooperativas y/o de incremento de su empleo ligado a la cobertura de necesidades y servicios de forma conjunta. Cuarto, en términos sectoriales las cifras señalan al sector industrial y al de la construcción como los más afectados por la crisis. Por último y en comparación con los años anteriores a la crisis, se detectan cambios importantes en las CCAA que presentaban ventajas de localización para las cooperativas.

Business Cycle, SSE Policy, and Cooperatives: The Case of Ecuador

“…The consideration of business structure as an impact factor in the entrepreneurial activity has not been widely used in the literature. Lundstrom and Stevenson [84] and Perotin [26] use the density of business owners, while Sala-Rios, Torres-Sole, Farre-Perdigue [44], and Roman Cervantes [53] use the size of the business sector, but without differentiating between the different typologies. Since the new Ecuadorian Magna Carta establishes the SSE as the distinct economic sector from public and traditional private ones, we introduced this differentiation as a variable to analyze the coexisting relationships between them.…”

“…The dependent variable of the study was the size of the Ecuadorian cooperative sector, understood as the number of living cooperatives in each year. The literature linking business cycles and cooperatives uses the entry rate [26,44,48], but the absence of reliable information on cooperative creation and exit in Ecuador drove us to use the global values. On the other hand, it is necessary to point out that the choice of cooperatives among the different organizational forms included within the SSE was based on two reasons: (a) it was the one that had the greatest impact on the national economy, with a volume of assets that represented 87% of the SSE [68]; and (b) it was the only one that had historical data before the appearance of the new legal and institutional framework, which made it possible to carry out an impact analysis.…”

“…These opposing results are also repeated for cooperatives. Indeed, its anticyclical behavior has been widely analyzed in the literature from the perspective of employment because of the importance of the work factor in this business form [44]. Most studies show that in a situation of economic crisis, cooperatives have greater resistance to job destruction [45][46][47][48].…”

Cooperative employment cycles in Spain. Does regional localization matter?

“…This result should not come as a surprise, since, as in the rest of the Spanish productive structure, micro and small cooperatives prevail. In 2008, they gathered more than 90% (Sala-Ríos et al, 2018).…”

“…Secondly, studies such as those by Cantanero, González-Loureiro, and Puig (2017), Musson and Rousselière (2018), Sala-Ríos, Torres-Solé, andFarré-Perdiguer (2018), andFarré Perdiguer (2015) demonstrate that the 2008 crisis increased the pro-cyclical link between cooperatives' employment and the business cycle. The intensity of the crisis and its systemic character undermined the reasons that position cooperative employment as better able to deal with downturns.…”