Demonstration of the carrier state in naturally acquired equine arteritis virus infection in the stallion

Timoney, Peter J.; McCollum, William H.; Roberts, A. W.; Murphy, T.W.

doi:10.1016/s0034-5288(18)30616-7

Cited by 125 publications

(113 citation statements)

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“…In the horse, clinical signs of infection vary widely with the most severe form resulting in fetal abortion from pregnant mares (Doll et al, 1957) and foal death (Golnik et al, 1981;Vaala et al, 1992). Between 30-60 % of seropositive stallions persistently shed virus in their semen (Timoney et al, 1986; and infect mares through breeding. The disease then spreads by the respiratory route (McCollum et al, 1961).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine arteritis virus-neutralizing antibody in the horse is induced by a determinant on the large envelope glycoprotein GL

Chirnside

Vries

Mumford

et al. 1995

Journal of General Virology

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Complementary DNAs encoding ORFs 2 to 7 of equine arteritis virus (EAV) have been cloned into the expression vector pGEX to produce glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins. Recombinant proteins were affinity purified and screened in ELISA with equine sera to identify immunoreactive polypeptides. The large envelope glycoprotein (GL) was identified as the most reactive to EAV-positive equine sera and an immunodominant epitope was mapped between amino acids 55 and 98 by subcloning and expression. A fusion protein covering this region and a GL-Specific synthetic peptide (residues 75 through 97) induced EAV-nentralizing antibody in vaccinated horses. The defined antigenic region of G L is likely to be exposed on the surface of the native EAV virion and consequently may be useful in the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine arteritis virus-neutralizing antibody in the horse is induced by a determinant on the large envelope glycoprotein GL

Chirnside

Vries

Mumford

et al. 1995

Journal of General Virology

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“…6,10,18,19,22,31,43,45,51 Persistently infected stallions that shed virus in their semen are a critical natural reservoir of EAV because venereal infection of mares frequently occurs after mating with such stallions. 26,34,40,[44][45][46][47]50 Horizontal spread of the virus occurs via aerosol exposure of susceptible horses to acutely infected animals. 38,44,45 EAV infection is especially prevalent in Standardbred horses, but since the mid-1980s there has been a disturbing increase in the incidence of EVA in a variety of horse breeds.…”

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confidence: 99%

Serologic Response of Horses to the Structural Proteins of Equine Arteritis Virus

et al. 1998

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Abstract. Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis, an apparently emerging disease of equids. In this study, the antibody response of horses to the structural proteins of EAV was evaluated using gradient-purified EAV virions and baculovirus-expressed recombinant EAV structural proteins (G L , G S , M, N) as antigens in a Western immunoblotting assay. Thirty-three sera from horses that previously had been naturally or experimentally infected with EAV were evaluated, including samples from mares, geldings, and both persistently and nonpersistently infected stallions. Sera also were evaluated from 4 horses that had been vaccinated with the commercial modified live EAV vaccine. The data suggest that the serologic response of individual horses to EAV may vary with the infecting virus strain and duration of infection. The M protein was most consistently recognized by the various serum samples, whereas the response to the N and G L proteins was variable and the G S protein was bound by only 1 serum sample. The immunoblotting assay definitively established the protein specificity of the humoral response of horses to EAV; however, it clearly is less sensitive than the standard serum neutralization (SN) test-2 of the 37 sera that were seropositive by the SN test failed to react in the immunoblot assay with any EAV structural protein. Furthermore, the G L protein expresses the known neutralization determinants of EAV, yet only 22 of the 37 sera that had SN antibodies bound the G L protein in the immunoblotting assay. Information from this study will assist ongoing efforts to develop improved methods for the serologic diagnosis of EAV infection of horses.Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a disease of horses that may manifest as interstitial pneumonia in very young foals, influenza-like illness of adult horses, and abortion of pregnant mares. 6,10,18,19,22,31,43,45,51 Persistently infected stallions that shed virus in their semen are a critical natural reservoir of EAV because venereal infection of mares frequently occurs after mating with such stallions. 26,34,40,[44][45][46][47]50 Horizontal spread of the virus occurs via aerosol exposure of susceptible horses to acutely infected animals. 38,44,45 EAV infection is especially prevalent in Standardbred horses, but since the mid-1980s there has been a disturbing increase in the incidence of EVA in a variety of horse breeds. 5,20,24,25,39,44,45,48,49 EAV is an enveloped, positive-stranded RNA virus 27,36,37,41 that recently was taxonomically placed in the genus Arterivirus in the order Nidovirales, along with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus, and simian hemorrhagic fever virus. 7 The EAV virion has a diameter of approximately 55 nm and consists of a

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“…I), [1,3,7,11,12,14,16]. These viruses, which were propagated in RK-13 cells using established procedures [17], varied in virulence, came from different geographical locations and had been isolated over a period of 30 years.…”

Section: Eav Isolatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most infections are mild or subclinical, but respiratory signs with or without dependent subcutaneous oedema may occur. Differences in the outcome of infection may be attributed to age and breed of horse, route of infection, virus dose or virulence [17]. The virus can infect the fetus and abortion in up to 60% of mares infected in pregnancy has been recorded [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of an internal standard in a closed one-tube RT-PCR for the detection of equine arteritis virus RNA with fluorescent probes

et al. 2003

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-Routine detection of equine arteritis virus (EAV) can be achieved by virus isolation (VI) in cell culture, or by the amplification of viral genome by molecular methods. To simplify molecular diagnosis, a number of different Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and RT-nested PCR (RT-nPCR) assays were compared, and a one-tube method was developed and optimised utilizing a fluorogenic probe (TaqMan ® ). An artificial RNA template (Mimic) and associated probe were also constructed to provide in-tube validation of the RT-PCR system. To assess the utility of the RT-PCR TaqMan ® assay, 28 different isolates of EAV representing different genetic groups of American and European strains were tested. Furthermore, the ability of VI and RT-PCR TaqMan ® assay to detect EAV in different biological matrices such as semen, nasal and faecal swabs and blood was compared. All 28 EAV strains were detected by the RT-PCR TaqMan ® assay. The results of TaqMan ® and VI testing were in agreement for 30 of the 33 semen samples and all of the 50 other clinical specimens examined: the RT-PCR TaqMan ® assay detected 18 positive semen samples, three more than VI. In conclusion, the one-tube RT-PCR TaqMan ® assay is a rapid, reliable method for the detection of EAV.equine arteritis virus / RT-PCR / mimic / fluorescent probe / TaqMan ®

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Demonstration of the carrier state in naturally acquired equine arteritis virus infection in the stallion

Cited by 125 publications

References 4 publications

Equine arteritis virus-neutralizing antibody in the horse is induced by a determinant on the large envelope glycoprotein GL

Equine arteritis virus-neutralizing antibody in the horse is induced by a determinant on the large envelope glycoprotein GL

Serologic Response of Horses to the Structural Proteins of Equine Arteritis Virus

Use of an internal standard in a closed one-tube RT-PCR for the detection of equine arteritis virus RNA with fluorescent probes

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