Dendropanax Morbifera Extract-Mediated ZnO Nanoparticles Loaded with Indole-3-Carbinol for Enhancement of Anticancer Efficacy in the A549 Human Lung Carcinoma Cell Line

Abstract

Dendropanax morbifera is a versatile plant that has been used as a herbal medicine due to its various useful medicinal effects. To protect its active component from biological stress and increase its drug efficacy as well as drug bioavailability, nanoemulsion was prepared. Dendropanax morbifera zinc oxide nanoparticles (DM-ZnO NPs) were synthesized using the plant extract via the co-precipitation method and loaded with active indole-3-carbinol for nanoemulsion formulation using the ultrasonication process. Field emission transmission electron microscope revealed the flower shape of the Dendropanax morbifera indole-3-carbinol zinc oxide nanoemulsion (DM-ZnO-I3C-NE). In contrast, DM-ZnO NPs showed a spheroid shape that coincides agreeably with field emission electron scanning microscope. The hydrodynamic sizes by dynamic light scattering are about 65 ± 3 nm and 239.6 ± 6 nm and the crystallite sizes from X-ray diffraction are 11.52 nm and 16.07 nm for DM-ZnO NPs and DM-ZnO-I3C-NE, respectively. In vitro analysis revealed the cytotoxicity of DM-ZnO-I3C-NE against a human lung cancer cell line (A549) at 12.5 µg/mL as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The DM-ZnO-I3C-NE-induced ROS generation level was higher than that of DM-ZnO NPs and free indole-3-carbinol. The synergistic effect of DM-ZnO and indole-3-carbinol indicates DM-ZnO-I3C-NE as a potential candidate for future lung cancer drug and could be scope for functional food.

Enhanced Antiobesity Efficacy of Tryptophan Using the Nanoformulation of Dendropanax morbifera Extract Mediated with ZnO Nanoparticle

“…UV absorbance spectra of the plant extract, DM capped nano ZnO [ 16 ], drug-loaded DM-ZnO nanoemulsion, and standard tryptophan was measured and represented as Figure 2 A,B. The UV spectra confirm the UV absorbance data, which indicates the strong sharp surface at the plasmon resonance wavelength (λ spr ) at 350 confirming the successful synthesis of DM-ZnO NPs.…”

“…To remove any suspends, the aqueous extract was separated using filtration and then centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 10 min. The clear light brown supernatant was preserved at low temperature (4–5 °C) for further experiments [ 16 ].…”

“…The DM- ZnO NPs were carefully synthesized employing the previously existing procedure with minor modifications during the precipitation conditions [ 16 ]. The plant extract was treated with zinc nitrate hexahydrate and sodium hydroxide as a neutralizing precursor.…”

“…These oriental medicinal plant extracts have been reported extensively for various infectious diseases, including obesity, skincare, anti-inflammatory diseases, and cancer application [ 15 ]. These plant extracts are from its leaf, stem, and root and the main constituents are polyacetylene compounds [ 16 ]. These extracts also contain triterpenoids and various phenolic substances, which showed an excellent anti-inflammatory property [ 17 ].…”

“…These extracts also contain triterpenoids and various phenolic substances, which showed an excellent anti-inflammatory property [ 17 ]. Though their components are valuable in biological applications, still, it has been used in plenty for various formulations of nutraceutical applications [ 16 ].…”