Dengue Fever, <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 (<scp>SARS‐CoV</scp>‐2), and <scp>Antibody‐Dependent</scp> Enhancement (<scp>ADE</scp>): A Perspective

Ulrich, Henning; Pillat, Micheli Mainardi; Tárnok, Attila

doi:10.1002/cyto.a.24047

Cited by 106 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Such a mechanism for SARS-CoV-2 is not yet fully understood, but previous coronavirus infections or SARS-CoV-2 convalescent patients with different SARS-CoV-2 strains could promote ADE, as experimentally shown for antibodies against the MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1 spike S protein (72). Several studies have shown that sera administration induced increased SARS-CoV-1 viral entry into cells that express the Fc receptor, and serum-dependent SARS-CoV-1 entry does not pass through the endosome pathway (73,74).…”

Section: Pathogenesis Of Sars-cov-2 Viral Entry and Replicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 21st Century Evil: Immunopathology and New Therapies of COVID-19

et al. 2020

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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been classified as a global threat, affecting millions of people and killing thousands. It is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which emerged at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China, quickly spreading worldwide. COVID-19 is a disease with symptoms that range from fever and breathing difficulty to acute respiratory distress and death, critically affecting older patients and people with previous comorbidities. SARS-CoV-2 uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and mainly spreads through the respiratory tract, which it then uses to reach several organs. The immune system of infected patients has been demonstrated to suffer important alterations, such as lymphopenia, exhausted lymphocytes, excessive amounts of inflammatory monocytes and macrophages, especially in the lungs, and cytokine storms, which may contribute to its severity and difficulty of establishing an effective treatment. Even though no specific treatment is currently available, several studies have been investigating potential therapeutic strategies, including the use of previously approved drugs and immunotherapy. In this context, this review addresses the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the patient's host immune system during infection, in addition to discussing the main immunopathological mechanisms involved in the development of the disease and potential new therapeutic approaches.

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Section: Pathogenesis Of Sars-cov-2 Viral Entry and Replicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 21st Century Evil: Immunopathology and New Therapies of COVID-19

et al. 2020

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“…The invention of a successful and widely available COVID-19 vaccine will be a great leap forward for humankind, but there are several challenges to overcome: (1) a lack of understanding of the pathogenesis and the predictive role of vaccines in the clinical pathway of persons being infected by SARS-CoV-2 [5][6][7], (2) a huge disagreement among experts about how to determine the most immunogenic epitopes and antigens of SARS-CoV-2 [8,9], (3) the finding that antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) may contribute to the exaggeration of SARS-CoV-2 disease [10,11], (4) the lack of established animal models for COVID-19 vaccine challenge testing, which raises the speculation of using controlled human infection (CHI) as a potential approach [3], and finally, (5) speculation that the duration of protection by immune response in natural infection is not long enough [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID‐19 vaccine research and development: ethical issues

Wibawa

2020

Tropical Med Int Health

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The achievements of vaccine research and development bring a hope to our societies that we may cope with the COVID‐19 pandemic. There are two aspects that should be maintained in balance: the immediate necessity for speed of vaccine research and the inherent need for protection of research subjects, which is the foremost concern of research ethics. This narrative review highlights ethical issues in COVID‐19 vaccine research and development that every stakeholder needs to be aware of and to consider.

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“…Such antibodies would bind, but not neutralize, and would eventually enhance disease severity, possibly by triggering Fcγ receptor-mediated uptake of virus by myeloid cells and subsequent cytokine storm 13 . While data in support of such mechanisms in COVID-19 are missing 14 , conflicting experimental data have been presented for antibodies to the S proteins of the coronaviruses MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV 15 . In this context, Jeff Ravetch (Rockefeller University) highlighted the importance of interactions between the immunoglobulin Fc fragment and its receptor FcR in modulating innate and adaptive immune responses to viruses.…”

Section: B Cell Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The immune roadmap for understanding multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children: opportunities and challenges

Martinez

Bridges

Goldmuntz

et al. 2020

Nat Med

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The immune roadmap for understanding multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children: opportunities and challenges In the spring of 2020, a series of reports from Europe and the USA described clusters of children and adolescents presenting with a life-threatening, hyperinflammatory syndrome-called 'multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children' (MIS-C)-that was seemingly linked to prior exposure to the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In June 2020, the US National Institutes of Health convened a workshop of immunologists and clinicians to discuss emerging knowledge and identify key questions surrounding MIS-C, with a focus on innate and adaptive immunity, genetics and epigenetics. This Meeting Report describes the main findings from the workshop. T he emergence of a late-onset COVID-19-associated acute inflammatory syndrome in children, who present with severe abdominal pain, volume-resistant shock and cardiovascular injury, was first described in reports from Europe and the UK in the spring of 2020 (https://www. ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/ paediatric-inflammatory-multisystemsyndrome-and-sars-cov2-rapid-riskassessment) and was subsequently recognized in New York City 1-3. The name 'multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) temporally associated with COVID-19' was coined, and diagnostic criteria were established (https://health. ny.gov/press/releases/2020/docs/2020-05-13_health_advisory.pdf; https:// emergency.cdc.gov/han/2020/han00432. asp). Two publications described almost 300 US children with MIS-C 4,5. In those cohorts, the evidence for association with antecedent COVID-19 disease or exposure to SARS-CoV-2 was demonstrated by PCR positivity (40-50%), antibody positivity (31-45%) or clear history of exposure. Affected children had a median age of about 8 years, and children of Black race and/or Hispanic ethnicity were over-represented. At presentation, 80-90% had severe abdominal pain, and almost a third presented in shock, with volume-resistant hypotension and evidence of cardiac injury (elevated troponin and echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular dysfunction) and/ or other end-organ damage. Ultimately, 80% required support in an intensive care unit. Coronary-artery ectasia or aneurysms developed in 8-9%. Almost all had laboratory evidence of immune activation, including elevations in C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate,

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Dengue Fever, COVID‐19 (SARS‐CoV‐2), and Antibody‐Dependent Enhancement (ADE): A Perspective

Cited by 106 publications

References 61 publications

A 21st Century Evil: Immunopathology and New Therapies of COVID-19

A 21st Century Evil: Immunopathology and New Therapies of COVID-19

COVID‐19 vaccine research and development: ethical issues

The immune roadmap for understanding multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children: opportunities and challenges

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