Densification of a high chromium cold work tool steel powder in different atmospheres by SLPS: Microstructure, heat treatment and micromechanical properties

Farayibi, Peter Kayode; Blüm, M.; Weber, Sebastian

doi:10.1016/j.msea.2020.139053

Cited by 16 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…[33,34] It has been established from a previous study that the optimum quench hardening temperature for the vacuum-sintered X190 steel is 1150°C. [20] By computational thermodynamics, the carbon content of the austenite phase of the X190 steel at 1150°C is calculated to be 0.4 wt pct, which is similar to that of the X46 steel substrate (Table I). Hence, it can be suggested that the M 7 C 3 and MC carbide precipitates serving as reinforcement in the sintered X190 are responsible for the difference in its hardness and that of the X46 in the quenched and tempered conditions.…”

Section: F Hardnessmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Based on a previous study, the vacuum sintering temperature of 1280°C was adopted, as it resulted in a 99.9 ± 0.01 pct densification of the X190 steel powder. [20] Since there was no liquid phase fraction expected in the substrates, the bonding between the sintered X190 steel powder and the substrates is expected to be dominated by elemental diffusion. However, other bonding phenomena, such as crystallographic allomerism and the same atomistic bonding and solubility, are possible to interplay.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a little volume of retained austenite is expected to be present in the matrices of both the sintered X190 and the substrate steel after the conventional oil quenching owing to the chemistry of the austenitic matrix at the quench-hardening temperature. [20] Table II Table III presents the prior-austenite grain size of the steel after heat treatment determined using mean linear intercept method and the grain size number calculated using Eq. [6] according to ASTM E112-12.…”

Section: Microstructure Of the Steel Claddingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[18,19] In a previous study, vacuum-sintered X190CrVMo20-4-1 steel produced via supersolidus liquid-phase sintering is characterized by the precipitation of chromium-vanadium-rich M 7 C 3 carbides in a predominantly ferritic matrix. [20] Upon heat treatment, the matrix was transformed to martensite with a small amount of retained austenite. The dispersed M 7 C 3 carbides had high hardness to effective elastic modulus ratio, which indicates their significance to the enhanced wear resistance of the X190CrVMo20-4-1 tool steel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hard Cladding by Supersolidus Liquid Phase Sintering: An Experimental and Simulation Study on Martensitic Stainless Steels

Farayibi

Blüm

Weber

2020

Metall Mater Trans A

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Martensitic stainless steels are suitable for diverse structural applications but degrade when subjected to wear-prone activities in service. To enhance their service life, the densification of high Cr, martensitic, X190CrVMo20-4-1 tool steel powder on two different martensitic stainless steel substrates via supersolidus liquid-phase sinter (SLPS) cladding was investigated. The objective was to assess the influence of the difference in compositions of the martensitic stainless steels employed as substrates on the interfacial diffusion, microstructure, hardness and bonding strength of the steel-to-steel claddings. Computational thermodynamics and diffusion simulations were employed to supplement experimental findings. Owing to interdiffusion, a M7C3 carbide-free, banded region exists in the X190 adjacent to the interface with the width dictated by chemical potential gradient of carbon. The hardness of the substrate was lower near the interface region because of carbon enrichment, which promoted the presence of retained austenite. An interfacial strength of 798 MPa was achieved with fairly ductile X190 matrix near the cladding interface as the fracture surface was characterized by mixed fracture modes of dimple rupture and cleavage with localized quasi-cleavage features. Experimental observations and computational simulations are in agreement. The implications of the SLPS cladding technique are discussed in the context of tool development.

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Section: F Hardnessmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Microstructure Of the Steel Claddingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hard Cladding by Supersolidus Liquid Phase Sintering: An Experimental and Simulation Study on Martensitic Stainless Steels

Farayibi

Blüm

Weber

2020

Metall Mater Trans A

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“…Employing a nitrogen atmosphere during the SLPS promotes nitrogen uptake of the steel, which modifies its alloy chemistry. Farayibi et al [3] observed that the nitrogen uptake achieved through the SLPS of a pre-alloyed powder of steel in a nitrogen-pressurised environment is dependent on the applied partial pressure. Gimenez et al [4] reported that the chemical composition of the steel influences its nitrogen uptake, as pre-alloyed steels with high vanadium and carbon content possess a higher ability to have nitrogen dissolved in them.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of nitrogen uptake and heat treatment on the microstructural characteristics and corrosion performance of X190CrVMo20‐4‐1 steel produced by supersolidus liquid‐phase sintering

Farayibi

Hassend

Blüm

et al. 2021

Materials & Corrosion

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Martensitic stainless steel powder exhibits a high nitrogen uptake when densified by supersolidus liquid-phase sintering in a nitrogen atmosphere, but the optimum uptake, which is beneficial to its resistance to corrosion, is unknown. In this study, the resistance of high-carbon martensitic stainless steel X190CrVMo20-4-1 densified in a nitrogen atmosphere against pitting corrosion was explored. This was to clarify the impact of nitrogen uptake in the steel matrix in the quenched and tempered condition on its corrosion resistance in an aqueous solution. Samples were subjected to potentiodynamic polarisation tests in a de-aerated, 1 wt% NaCl solution. Results revealed that the X190 steel densified in a nitrogen atmosphere at 40-kPa pressure, subjected to deep cryogenic treatment in liquid nitrogen at an austenitising temperature of 1150°C and tempered at 200°C, had the best pitting corrosion resistance with a breakdown potential of 142 ± 11 mV/SCE and a hardness of 738 ± 4 HV10. The matrix around the M 7 C 3 carbides and MX carbonitrides suffered high pitting susceptibility. The implications of this study serve as a basis for the improvement of the functional properties of steels.

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Novel Martensitic High Carbon–Nitrogen Steel Produced by Casting at Low Pressure

Coha-Vesga

Mendoza-Oliveros

Pérez-Villamil

et al. 2022

steel research int.

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Nitrogen‐containing steels have become an attractive material in industrial fields due to their excellent mechanical properties. Nevertheless, the current manufacturing methods to produce nitrogen steels are linked to technologies with high working pressures. Alloying elements such as Cr, Mn, and Mo enhance the solubility of nitrogen in the melt, which allows the production at atmospheric pressure. Herein, carbon–nitrogen martensitic steels are produced at low pressure (7 × 105 Pa). The composition is designed through the CALPHAD method using two carbon contents (0.7 and 1.3 wt%). The alloy is produced in an induction furnace under N2 atmosphere to mitigate desorption. Thermomechanical and heat treatments are performed. The alloys are analyzed using optical emission spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The mechanical evaluation is conducted using hardness analysis. The steel presents a nitrogen content of 0.15 wt%, in agreement with the thermodynamic calculations. SEM and EDS results show the presence of Cr and Nb precipitates in a martensitic structure. The highest hardness values are obtained in specimens heat treated by tempering at 400 °C for 2 h and air cooling, achieving 57.4 and 59.7 Hardness Rockwell C for samples with 0.7 and 1.3 wt% C, respectively.

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Densification of a high chromium cold work tool steel powder in different atmospheres by SLPS: Microstructure, heat treatment and micromechanical properties

Cited by 16 publications

References 27 publications

Hard Cladding by Supersolidus Liquid Phase Sintering: An Experimental and Simulation Study on Martensitic Stainless Steels

Hard Cladding by Supersolidus Liquid Phase Sintering: An Experimental and Simulation Study on Martensitic Stainless Steels

Influence of nitrogen uptake and heat treatment on the microstructural characteristics and corrosion performance of X190CrVMo20‐4‐1 steel produced by supersolidus liquid‐phase sintering

Novel Martensitic High Carbon–Nitrogen Steel Produced by Casting at Low Pressure

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