Densities of Binary and Ternary Aqueous Solutions of NaCl, Na₂SO₄ and MgSO₄ of Sea Waters, and Sea Water Concentrates.

Abstract

Densities of binary and ternary aqueous solutions of NaCI. NazSOd, and MgSOl have been determined from 25' to 175'. The solutions contained these compounds at concentrations corresponding to sea water and its concentrates up to fivefold concentration. A simple method of determining the densities of binary and ternary solutions is bared on apparent molal volumes of these compounds over a wide temperature range. Literature data on densities of sea water and its concentrates have been critically correlated. The method for estimating sea water densities uses the apparent molal volumes of the salt components of the sea water and a single interaction constant. A table of selected sea water density valuer gives the best values for the 25' to 150'C. temperature range for normal rea water and its concentrates.KNOWLEDGE of the densities of sea water brines, which contain primarily NaCI, Na2S01, and MgSO,, is important in the development and operation of an economic desalination process. Density measurements were made on aqueous solutions of these salts individually and in pairs a t concentrations varying from approximately those of sea water to a maximum fivefold increase, a t temperatures of 25" to 175" c.Several correlation techniques were used for evaluation of the experimental data. The empirical or semi-empirical techniques suggested by Mikulin (14). Zdanovskii (201, and Lengyel (11) were found to be complex and tedious, and that by Ezrokhi (3) was insufficiently sensitive. The data were satisfactorily correlated to the temperature and composition of the solutions hy a method based on the apparent molal volumes of the dissolved salts.The literature contains precise density data on sea water only a t or near room temperature. The reliability of the data, however, seems to diminish with increasi-lg concentration and temperature. Only sporadic density information is available above the atmospheric boiling point of sea water.A critical review of density data and the development of a computational method for the estimation of sea water densities in the entire range of interest were the further objects of this study. The correlations developed on the binary systems investigated were combined to yield a method for accurate calculation of sea water densities. The calculation method, and the comparison of experimental and calculated data along with selected values of sea water densities, are presented in this paper. EXPERIMENTAL METHODDensities were determined from a measurement of the volume of a known mass of solution using Lipkin pycnometers in the 25" to 75°C. temperature range (12) and dilatometer tubes from 75" to 175" C.

The P,V,T,x properties of binary aqueous chloride solutions up to T=573K and 100MPa

“…In all, over 40 data sets are found for the density (volume) of (NaCl + H 2 O) system with a wide T, P, m range and experimental precision of 0.0001% to 0.1%. Most of the experimental data between T = (273 and 573) K are consistent with each other except for the small number of data points [48][49][50], whose density (volume) data apparently deviate from other data sets over the same T, P, m range. Therefore, all data points but those of [48][49][50] are included in the parameterization that cover a wide T, P, m range, respectively (273 K to 573 K, 0.1 MPa to 100 MPa, and 0 to 6 molal) for the (NaCl + H 2 O) system.…”

Hygroscopic properties of particles nebulized from water extracts of aerosols collected at Chichijima Island in the western North Pacific: An outflow region of Asian dust

“…Nilsson [2007] reported that H-TDMA growth factors measured for seawater samples taken from the Baltic Sea (water depth, 1-2 m) and Atlantic (~3000 m) to be g (90%) = 2.1 for 100 nm dry size particles, which is in good agreement with the seawater-water activity reported by Tang et al [1997] with Electrodynamic Balance. Interestingly, the observed mean growth factor g(90%) = 1.79 at Chichijima is slightly lower than those (g(90%) > 1.85) reported for the marine aerosols from different sites [Sverdrup et al, 1942; Fabuss et al, 1966;Tang, 1997;Nilsson, 2007;Swietlicki et al, 2008].…”

“…[] with Electrodynamic Balance. Interestingly, the observed mean growth factor g (90%) = 1.79 at Chichijima is slightly lower than those ( g (90%) > 1.85) reported for the marine aerosols from different sites [ Sverdrup et al ., ; Fabuss et al ., ; Tang , ; Nilsson , ; Swietlicki et al ., ].…”

CO2 Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers

“…k HO 12 ¼ C 22 (55) in which ε HO 12 is the well depth of the siteesite interaction potential energy between a site of type H in component 1 and a site of type O in component 2, and k HO 12 is a measure of the volume available for bonding between a site of type H in component 1 and a site of type O in component 2.…”