Density and Porosity of Carbonaceous Materials

Smith, R. C.; Howard, H. C.

doi:10.1021/ie50388a012

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The most common methods of measuring true density of coal use helium as the penetrating medium (Palvelev, 1939;Smith and Howard, 1942;Franklin, 1949;Pruss, 1958;Ettinger and Zhupakhina, I960;Tshamler and de Ruiter, 1963;Can and others, 1972;Mahajan andWalker, 1978, 1981;and Institute of Gas Technology (IGT), 1978).…”

Section: Methods Used To Determine Density Of Coal Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The methods to determine density that use helium as a penetrating medium can be separated into three: 1) one method involves measuring pressures at a known temperature of a known volume of helium of a sample holder with and without the coal sample and then calculating the volume (hence density) of the sample using the ideal gas law (Smith and Howard, 1942;Franklin, 1949;Fugii and Tsoboi, 1967;Can and others, 1972;and Mahajan and Walker, 1978). This method requires an elaborate vacuum system and the procedure is cumbersome and time-consuming (Mahajan and Walker, 1981;Davis, 1978) although a high degree of precision is obtainable (1.320 + 0.002 g/cm3 for 7 grams of coal; Mahajan and Walker, 1978).…”

Section: Methods Used To Determine Density Of Coal Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of the true density of pulverized coal samples

Stanton¹

1982

Open-File Report

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Introduction____________________________________ 1 Methods used to determine density of coal samples________1 Gas-comparison pycnometry of coal samples_____________ 4 I.Principle of the gas-comparison pycnometer________ 4 II. Procedure for density determinations ____________4 Apparatus__________; ______________________4 Sample .preparation_________________________ 5 Weighing of the sample. Volume measurement of the sample______________ 5 Calculation of density_______________________6 III. Limits and conditions__________: _____________6 Summary ________________________________________7 References cited _________________________________9 Appendices ______________________________________12 A. Effect of sample particle size _________________12 B. Effect of sample amount _______________________13 C. Effect of drying time on density________________14 D. Daily density calculation of a reference sample____15 ILLUSTRATION page 1. Schematic diagram showing gas-comparison pycnometer ____ 8 ABSTRACT A method using the gas-comparison pycnometer with helium gas as the penetrating medium measures precisely the true volume of a pulverized coal sample. The true density of a solid is calculated as the true unit volume of the solid exclusive of its pore space which is divided into the weight of the sample. The method is similar to that used to determine the density of refractory materials but the procedure is modified to yield precise density determinations of coal samples. These modifications diminish effects of trapped moisture and gases on the volume measurement. The helium gas-comparison pycnometer method is rapid, reliable, precise, and requires minimal analytical equipment and sample preparation, and also is non-destructive to the coal sample. Using this method, densities can be determined on coal samples of subbituminous to low-volatile bituminous rank and perhaps also on samples of lignite. The density of anthracite samples has not been determined by this method.

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Section: Methods Used To Determine Density Of Coal Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methods Used To Determine Density Of Coal Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the true density of pulverized coal samples

Stanton¹

1982

Open-File Report

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“…Densities of the various preparations were determined by both helium and carbon tetrachloride displacement (21,22). The precision of the density values obtained by helium displacement for U02 powders having volumes of 2 cc.…”

Section: Table I U02 Preparation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Preparative Methods and Physical Characteristics of Uranium Dioxide Powders.

Clayton¹,

Aronson²

1961

J. Chem. Eng. Data

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RANIUM dioxide has become of considerable importance as a nuclear fuel in the field of atomic power. Published data on the surface area, density, porosity, crystallite size, microstructure, and sinterability of this compound show wide variations (2,3,5,(17)(18)(19)23). Considerable evidence shows that characteristics of powders, such as uranium oxides, are determined largely by their preparative history. It was ascertained that the density and surface area of U02, uranium dioxide, preparations depend upon the density and surface area of the substance from which the U02 was prepared (1,5). The present study was undertaken to find the relationships between the method of preparation of U02 and its physical properties. Information was sought regarding the effects of chemical processes on microstructure, density, surface area, porosity, crystallite size, and particle size distribution.EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

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“…The deviations found with other gases may be characteristic of the structure of the solid. In literature methods have been given by D a v ids 0 n 11), Stam 12), Filby and Maas 13), Heertjes 6), Smith and Howard 14), Rossman and Smith 15), Schumb and Ritter 16), Krieger 17,18), and Franklin 19). By these methods it is, however, impossible to reach an accuracy greater than ± 5%0' A distinction may be made between the methods based on pressure measurements and those based on volumetric measurements, using indirect mercury displacement and weighing.…”

Section: Sununarymentioning

confidence: 99%