Dependence of the Nature of the Pedaling Activity on Maximal Aerobic Power in Cycling

Bouillod, Anthony; Pinot, Julien; Soenen, Flavien; Ouvrard, Theo; Grappe, Frédéric

doi:10.1123/ijspp.2015-0489

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Indeed, outdoor and indoor measures were strongly correlated. These findings are in agreement with previous studies that have reported comparable mean power output for shorter 4-min time-trials (~3% difference) (Bouillod et al 2017) and longer 40 km time trials (~3% difference) (Smith et al 2001) (> 1% difference) (Jobson et al 2008), performed indoors and outdoors. However, despite the relative consistencies in power output, a notable increase in the variability of power output during cycling performed outdoors was only recognizable with an increased level of resolution.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…When examined at increased resolution, these fluctuations may illustrate complex intrinsic control strategies to modulate work rate (Tucker et al 2006) and reflect multiple levels of regulation to achieve homeostatic control during a task (Lambert et al 2005;St Clair Gibson et al 2006;St Clair Gibson et al 2018). Given the additional external demands associated with performance cycling outdoors, it is interesting that mean power data is comparable indoors and outdoors over shorter duration 6-s sprints (Gardner et al 2007), 4-min time-trials (Bouillod et al 2017) and longer duration 40-km time-trials despite a ~ 6% reduction in performance time outdoors (Smith et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Analysis of Variability in Power Output During Indoor and Outdoor Cycling Time Trials

Jeffries¹,

Waldron²,

Patterson³

et al. 2019

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Purpose: Regulation of power output during cycling encompasses the integration of internal and external demands to maximize performance. However, relatively little is known about variation in power output in response to the external demands of outdoor cycling. The authors compared the mean power output and the magnitude of power-output variability and structure during a 20-min time trial performed indoors and outdoors. Methods: Twenty male competitive cyclists ( 60.4 [7.1] mL·kg−1·min−1) performed 2 randomized maximal 20-min time-trial tests: outdoors at a cycle-specific racing circuit and indoors on a laboratory-based electromagnetically braked training ergometer, 7 d apart. Power output was sampled at 1 Hz and collected on the same bike equipped with a portable power meter in both tests. Results: Twenty-minute time-trial performance indoor (280 [44] W) was not different from outdoor (284 [41] W) (P = .256), showing a strong correlation (r = .94; P < .001). Within-persons SD was greater outdoors (69 [21] W) than indoors (33 [10] W) (P < .001). Increased variability was observed across all frequencies in data from outdoor cycling compared with indoors (P < .001) except for the very slowest frequency bin (<0.0033 Hz, P = .930). Conclusions: The findings indicate a greater magnitude of variability in power output during cycling outdoors. This suggests that constraints imposed by the external environment lead to moderate- and high-frequency fluctuations in power output. Therefore, indoor testing protocols should be designed to reflect the external demands of cycling outdoors.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Analysis of Variability in Power Output During Indoor and Outdoor Cycling Time Trials

Jeffries¹,

Waldron²,

Patterson³

et al. 2019

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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“…This is consistent with the results of the correlation matrix, which reveals that when core temperature increases, heart rate also increases. These results are in agreement with the study by Bouillod et al [68], which shows that power is greater over a similar effort (the same power output in incremental testing) when the road gradient is 8% than when it is −0.2%.…”

Section: The Elevation Gradientsupporting

confidence: 93%

Impact of a Cold Environment on the Performance of Professional Cyclists: A Pilot Study

Riera

Bellenoue²,

Fischer

et al. 2021

Life

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The practice of physical activity in a variable climate during the same competition is becoming more and more common due to climate change and increasingly frequent climate disturbances. The main aim of this pilot study was to understand the impact of cold ambient temperature on performance factors during a professional cycling race. Six professional athletes (age = 27 ± 2.7 years; height = 180.86 ± 5.81 cm; weight = 74.09 ± 9.11 kg; % fat mass = 8.01 ± 2.47%; maximum aerobic power (MAP) = 473 ± 26.28 W, undertook ~20 h training each week at the time of the study) participated in the Tour de la Provence under cold environmental conditions (the ambient temperature was 15.6 ± 1.4 °C with a relative humidity of 41 ± 8.5% and the normalized ambient temperature (Tawc) was 7.77 ± 2.04 °C). Body core temperature (Tco) was measured with an ingestible capsule. Heart rate (HR), power, speed, cadence and the elevation gradient were read from the cyclists’ onboard performance monitors. The interaction (multivariate analysis of variance) of the Tawc and the elevation gradient has a significant impact (F(1.5) = 32.2; p < 0.001) on the variables (cadence, power, velocity, core temperature, heart rate) and on each individual. Thus, this pilot study shows that in cold environmental conditions, the athlete’s performance was limited by weather parameters (ambient temperature associated with air velocity) and race characteristics. The interaction of Tawc and elevation gradient significantly influences thermal (Tco), physiological (HR) and performance (power, speed and cadence) factors. Therefore, it is advisable to develop warm-up, hydration and clothing strategies for competitive cycling under cold ambient conditions and to acclimatize to the cold by training in the same conditions to those that may be encountered in competition.

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“…Nevertheless, this protocol offers a situation with very low PO variation and without free wheel periods, as in natural-use scenarios. A recent study [ 21 ] showed that the variations in PO were lower with ergometer conditions (CV = 6.8%) compared to the level ground (CV = 14.5%) and uphill (CV = 14.1%) conditions for similar exercises. These results suggest that the PO fluctuations were significantly higher under road-cycling conditions by considering the different techniques, vibrations, and pacing strategies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Power output (PO) [ 1 ] measurement during riding is an interesting method to quantify the intensity of exercise produced by cyclists or patients. This measurement is widely used in cycling during training and monitoring [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ] to test or validate mathematical models [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ], assess the physical potential of cyclists [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ] or measure performance requirements in competitions [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. In addition, the PO measurement can be used for many research purposes to quantify the effects of rehabilitation programmes [ 32 ] or evaluate the fitness level improvement induced by medical treatments, recovery techniques, and many other approaches [ 33 , 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caveats and Recommendations to Assess the Validity and Reliability of Cycling Power Meters: A Systematic Scoping Review

Bouillod

Soto-Romero

Grappe³

et al. 2022

Sensors

Self Cite

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A large number of power meters have become commercially available during the last decades to provide power output (PO) measurement. Some of these power meters were evaluated for validity in the literature. This study aimed to perform a review of the available literature on the validity of cycling power meters. PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar have been explored with PRISMA methodology. A total of 74 studies have been extracted for the reviewing process. Validity is a general quality of the measurement determined by the assessment of different metrological properties: Accuracy, sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and robustness. Accuracy was most often studied from the metrological property (74 studies). Reproducibility was the second most studied (40 studies) property. Finally, repeatability, sensitivity, and robustness were considerably less studied with only 7, 5, and 5 studies, respectively. The SRM power meter is the most used as a gold standard in the studies. Moreover, the number of participants was very different among them, from 0 (when using a calibration rig) to 56 participants. The PO tested was up to 1700 W, whereas the pedalling cadence ranged between 40 and 180 rpm, including submaximal and maximal exercises. Other exercise conditions were tested, such as torque, position, temperature, and vibrations. This review provides some caveats and recommendations when testing the validity of a cycling power meter, including all of the metrological properties (accuracy, sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and robustness) and some exercise conditions (PO range, sprint, pedalling cadence, torque, position, participant, temperature, vibration, and field test).

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Dependence of the Nature of the Pedaling Activity on Maximal Aerobic Power in Cycling

Cited by 10 publications

References 24 publications

An Analysis of Variability in Power Output During Indoor and Outdoor Cycling Time Trials

An Analysis of Variability in Power Output During Indoor and Outdoor Cycling Time Trials

Impact of a Cold Environment on the Performance of Professional Cyclists: A Pilot Study

Caveats and Recommendations to Assess the Validity and Reliability of Cycling Power Meters: A Systematic Scoping Review

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