Deployment Strategies and Energy Efficiency of Cellular Networks

Energy-Aware Base Stations: The Effect of Planning, Management, and Femto Layers

“…In addition, the femtocell layer is shown to be of minor importance if one considers the network in large scale and does not impose any BS management schemes. In [18] the authors prove that a microcell based network provides the important gains, but the network does not present traffic proportional characteristics. In [19] the effect of service rate on the energy consumption of mobile network that supports switch-on/-off schemes is analyzed.…”

“…An area of central London is under investigation and is presented in [18]. The area is a central urban district modeled by a vector map.…”

“…Each site, ∈ , has 5 characteristic values, representing the position, the type of station, the maximum transmit power level, and the antenna gain following the notation in [18]. In a similar approach, the FAPs, ∈ , are characterized by the position which is defined by Cartesian coordinates { , } ∈ CRD I , the height , the maximum transmit power level = 0.5 W, and the antenna gain = 2 dBi.…”

Green heterogeneous small-cell networks: toward reducing the CO2 emissions of mobile communications industry using uplink power adaptation

“…The power consumption of a small-cell today is around 6-10 W, and it can be assumed that a small-cell in 2020 will still consume 5 W. Therefore, the 100 millions smallcells in 2020 may consume 4.4 TWH, i.e., an extra 5% on top of the energy consumption of the existing BS infrastructure. To cope up with this issue, numerous remedies are currently under consideration [1][2][3]9] such as (i) improved power amplifier technology which makes the hardware design of a typical BS more energy efficient; (ii) employing power saving protocols such as BS sleeping which enables inactive mode for BSs under low load conditions [10]; (iii) cell size adjustment schemes such as cell-breathing and cell-zooming, where different cells adapt their size depending on the received interference or traffic load conditions [10][11][12][13]; (iv) use of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy in place of diesel generators may also be useful in reducing the power consumption of BSs, in particular, those at the off-grid sites; and (v) deployment of relays improves the power consumption with reduced complexity [14,15].…”

Traffic and QoS-Aware Base Station Sleeping Scheme in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks

“…In the future, the cellular networks will be heterogeneous cellular networks where different types of base station (BS) in small cells are distributed throughout traditional macro cell networks [2]. Such heterogeneous cellular networks consist of different tiers of small cell networks, and the coverage of macro cell and small cell will overlap with each other, which is named as HetNets in 3GPP.…”