Depolicing: Rhetoric or Reality?

Oliver, Willard M.

doi:10.1177/0887403415586790

Cited by 41 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…One police-centered explanation is that these disparities reflect depolicing (33,34). Depolicing occurs when police officers' concerns about becoming targets in civil litigation and the media spotlight impede officers from enforcing the law.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: Officer characteristics and racial disparities in fatal officer-involved shootings

Johnson

Tress

Burkel

et al. 2019

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Despite extensive attention to racial disparities in police shootings, two problems have hindered progress on this issue. First, databases of fatal officer-involved shootings (FOIS) lack details about officers, making it difficult to test whether racial disparities vary by officer characteristics. Second, there are conflicting views on which benchmark should be used to determine racial disparities when the outcome is the rate at which members from racial groups are fatally shot. We address these issues by creating a database of FOIS that includes detailed officer information. We test racial disparities using an approach that sidesteps the benchmark debate by directly predicting the race of civilians fatally shot rather than comparing the rate at which racial groups are shot to some benchmark. We report three main findings: 1) As the proportion of Black or Hispanic officers in a FOIS increases, a person shot is more likely to be Black or Hispanic than White, a disparity explained by county demographics; 2) race-specific county-level violent crime strongly predicts the race of the civilian shot; and 3) although we find no overall evidence of anti-Black or anti-Hispanic disparities in fatal shootings, when focusing on different subtypes of shootings (e.g., unarmed shootings or "suicide by cop"), data are too uncertain to draw firm conclusions. We highlight the need to enforce federal policies that record both officer and civilian information in FOIS.officer-involved shootings | racial disparity | racial bias | police use of force | benchmarks R ecent high-profile police shootings of Black Americans have raised questions about racial disparities in fatal officerinvolved shootings (FOIS). These shootings have captured public concern, leading in part to the Black Lives Matter movement and a presidential task force on policing (1). Central to this debate are questions of whether Black civilians are overrepresented in FOIS and whether racial disparities are due to discrimination by White officers. However, a lack of data about officers in FOIS and disagreement on the correct benchmark for determining racial disparity in FOIS have led to conflicting conclusions about the degree to which Black civilians are more likely to be fatally shot than White civilians. We address both issues by creating a comprehensive database of FOIS that includes officer information and by using a method for testing racial disparities that does not rely on benchmarks.Until recently, the only nationwide data on FOIS was compiled yearly in the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Uniform Crime Report. On a voluntary basis, departments report the number of justifiable homicides by on-duty law-enforcement officers. Not only are these shootings underreported (by ∼50%; ref.2), such reports do not provide information about the officers or circumstances surrounding these shootings. Beginning in 2015, news companies such as The Washington Post and The Guardian began to collect information about FOIS to address the issues with the FBI data. Through report...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: Officer characteristics and racial disparities in fatal officer-involved shootings

Johnson

Tress

Burkel

et al. 2019

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…A contentious debate has emerged over the existence of a “Ferguson effect,” whereby enhanced scrutiny of the police since Michael Brown's death has caused increases in both crime and felonious attacks on police because officers are shying away from proactive police work (Frankel, ; Mac Donald, ) . Scholars have noted that when police behavior becomes more heavily constrained, police are less motivated to initiate contacts with the community (Oliver, ; Rushin and Edwards, ). Shjarback et al.…”

Section: “Ferguson Effect” and Depolicingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body‐worn Cameras as a Potential Source of Depolicing: Testing for Camera‐induced Passivity

Wallace

White

Gaub³

et al. 2018

Criminology

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Contentious debate is currently taking place regarding the extent to which public scrutiny of the police post-Ferguson has led to depolicing or to a decrease in proactive police work. Advocates of the "Ferguson effect" claim the decline in proactive policing increased violent crime and assaults on the police. Although police body-worn cameras (BWCs) are touted as a police reform that can generate numerous benefits, they also represent a form of internal and public surveillance on the police. The surveillance aspect of BWCs suggests that BWCs may generate depolicing through camera-induced passivity. We test this question with data from a randomized controlled trial of BWCs in Spokane (WA) by assessing the impact of BWCs on four measures: officer-initiated calls, arrests, response time, and time on scene. We employ hierarchical linear and cross-classified models to test for between-and within-group differences in outcomes before and after the randomized BWC rollout. Our results demonstrate no evidence of statistically significant camera-induced passivity across any of the four outcomes. In fact, self-initiated calls increased for officers assigned to treatment during the RCT. We discuss the theoretical and policy implications of the findings for the ongoing dialogue in policing.Nobody says it on the record, nobody says it in public, but police and elected officials are quietly saying it to themselves. And they're saying it to me, and I'm going to say it to you. And it is the one explanation that does explain the calendar and the map and that makes the most sense to me. Maybe something in policing has changed. In today's YouTube world, are officers reluctant to get out of their cars and do the work that controls violent crime? Are officers answering 911 calls but avoiding the informal contact that keeps bad guys from standing around, especially with guns?

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“…Тем самым руководство демонстрирует свое уважение, поддержку и заботу о персонале [24,37,40] 8 . Хотя рядовые сотрудники и руководство не всегда могут прийти к согласию, имея различные цели, потребности, ожидания [41,69,82], однако внедрение принципов организационной справедливости улучшит не только обстановку на рабочем месте, но и производительность труда за счет снижения нарушений дисциплины [19].…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Хотя интерес к проблеме организационной справедливости продолжает расти, имеющиеся исследования этой проблемы в правоохранительной сфере повторяют результаты, полученные в сфере менед- [23]. Согласно результатам ранее проведенных исследований, восприятие обстановки на рабочем месте как справедливой повышает дисциплинированность сотрудника полиции [29,[35][36][37], эффективность его деятельности в рамках роли (поставленной задачи) и вне рамок роли (как члена коллектива) [29], повышает уровень доверия в местном сообществе [38], снижает количество случаев силовых решений при выполнении заданий [39], повышает лояльность к руководству [40], может снизить вероятность дисциплинарных нарушений [41]. Напротив, мнение об обстановке на рабочем месте как о несправедливой связано с различными видами нарушений в поведении сотрудников полиции [19,25,27,42].…”

Section: организационная справедливость и поведение офицеров полицииunclassified

Organizational Injustice and Police Misconduct: Predicting Organizational Defiance Among Police Officers

Reynolds¹,

Helfers²

2019

APEL

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Цель: изучение влияния организационной несправедливости на нарушение дисциплины сотрудниками правоохранительных органов в Соединенных Штатах Америки. Методы: диалектический подход к познанию социальных явлений, позволяющий проанализировать их в историческом развитии и функционировании в контексте совокупности объективных и субъективных факторов, который определил выбор следующих методов исследования: формально-логический, сравнительно-правовой, социологический. Результаты: многочисленные исследования подтверждают связь между проявлением справедливости на рабочем месте и производительностью труда. В данной работе организационная справедливость рассматривается как теоретическая основа для предсказания нарушений дисциплины сотрудниками полиции. В частности, исследовались реакции сотрудников полиции на действия, воспринимаемые как несправедливые, и выявлялась связь между восприятием общего уровня несправедливости и каждой из трех форм дисциплинарных нарушений: 1) использование норм и правил учреждения против руководства, 2) намеренный подрыв установок руководства и 3) невыполнение принятых норм и процедур. Сбор данных осуществлялся нерепрезентативной выборкой через Интернет посредством самоотчетов штатных полицейских-членов ассоциации офицеров полиции в одном из южных штатов.

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Depolicing: Rhetoric or Reality?

Cited by 41 publications

References 33 publications

RETRACTED: Officer characteristics and racial disparities in fatal officer-involved shootings

RETRACTED: Officer characteristics and racial disparities in fatal officer-involved shootings

Body‐worn Cameras as a Potential Source of Depolicing: Testing for Camera‐induced Passivity

Organizational Injustice and Police Misconduct: Predicting Organizational Defiance Among Police Officers

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