Deposit Formation from Deoxygenated Hydrocarbons. I. General Features

Taylor, William F.

doi:10.1021/i360050a011

Cited by 59 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Previous research has shown that the formation of thermal deposits is greatly affected by the sulfur concentration of the fuel. [12][13][14] Other fuel characteristics, such as lubricity and storage stability, are also dramatically affected by the amount of sulfur in the fuel, in both positive and negative ways. 15 Simultaneous with jet engine development, the chemical composition of petroleum-derived jet fuels has been studied in an attempt to understand how the chemical composition of the fuel affects engine performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Class- and Structure-Specific Separation, Analysis, and Identification Techniques for the Characterization of the Sulfur Components of JP-8 Aviation Fuel

et al. 2003

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Methods have been described for separating the sulfur content of aviation fuels into chemical classes for identification and quantitation. These separation methods simplified the fuel matrix, which allowed non-element-specific detection methods, such as mass spectrometry (MS), to be used for sulfur detection. These matrix simplification methods also enhanced the ability of element-specific detection methods, such as atomic emission detection (AED), to identify sulfur species that are present in the fuel. Separation of a model fuel mixture, as well as several representative aviation fuels, was performed using several different methods, including classspecific chemical oxidation methods that used iodine and another that used hydrogen peroxide, and a polarity-based separation that used a polar high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) column. Following separation, sulfur concentration was quantified into "reactive" and "nonreactive" classes, on the basis of the ease of transformation of the species, using chemical oxidation procedures, which also relates to the tendency for the species to undergo typical hydrodesulfurization reactions with hydrogen. These two classes were broken down further, with sulfur compounds being classified as thiol, sulfides and disulfides, thiophenes, benzothiophenes, or dibenzothiophenes. The separation and identification methods proved to be robust and transferable; the results from two independent laboratories were in good agreement. Sulfur in the jet fuels tested in this study appeared mainly as thiols, sulfides, and disulfides, as determined by gas chromotography-atomic emission detection (GC-AED), following the chemical oxidation procedures. Of the refractory sulfur compounds, benzothiophenes comprised the majority, as determined by GC-MS following the (HPLC) fractionations. Thiophenes and dibenzothiophenes contributed minor amounts to the total concentration of refractory sulfur compounds. Two main components of the benzothiophene class were identified to be 2,3-dimethyl benzothiophene and 2,3,7-trimethyl benzothiophene.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Class- and Structure-Specific Separation, Analysis, and Identification Techniques for the Characterization of the Sulfur Components of JP-8 Aviation Fuel

et al. 2003

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“…For fuel stressed at 430 K, as in the T = 380 K case, the absorption appears to be dominated by molecular absorption. These indicated changes in the fuel's molecular components are not surprising since other studies have shown that fuel deposition on heated surfaces is influenced by the system's chemistry Wallace, 1967, 1968;Taylor, 1969Taylor, , 1974Taylor, , 1976. This shift is indicative of changes in the molecular absorbers for the system.…”

Section: 8mentioning

confidence: 66%

Optical diagnostic methods for the study of fuel fouling

Parker¹,

Foutter²,

Rawlins³

1992

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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2243the amount of the imbibed cornpitions and increased the intrinsic reactivity. However, the reactivity decreased abruptly in a high concentration of NaCl salts due to the limitation of the rate of ion exchange and the decrease of the degree of hydration of the active catalyst site.An experimental study of fuel fouling using optical measurement methods was performed. These measurements included absorption from 350 to 750 nm, scattering at 514.5 nm, and fluorescence using a probe wavelength of 514.5 nm. Measurements were performed using a constant-temperature heating system which exited into an optical cell. Each of the measurements proved useful in monitoring changes in the test fuel, JP-4, at test temperatures up to 775 K and pressures of 400 psig. Absorption measurements demonstrated both molecular changes in the fuel composition and a marked increase in the particulate present in the flow as a result of thermal stress. Scattering measurements indicated room temperature fuel to contain particulate with average diameters greater than 0.1 pm while thermally stressed fuel contained much larger concentrations of particulate with sizes below 0.06 pm. This work clearly illustrates the possibilities of using optical methods for monitoring the fuel fouling process.

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“…1A. DF of 0.45 ml was manually loaded in a CO 2 environment to avoid the trapping of air because oxygen affects fuel stability [17,[22][23][24][25]. The oven temperature (T 1 ) and the fuel temperature (T 2 ) were measured by two thermocouples and recorded by a data acquisition system (LabVIEW, National Instruments).…”

Section: Batch Thermal Stressing Of Dfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, it has been reported that thermal decomposition of liquid hydrocarbon fuels (jet fuel, DF, etc.) falls into three different regimes [15] Transition regime (300-500 o C): Both autoxidation and pyrolysis reactions contribute to decomposition and the rate of decomposition decreases with increase in fuel temperature possibly due to the transition from the liquid phase to the supercritical phase which enhanced solvent capability [17] or due to depletion of hydroperoxides [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal stability and decomposition of diesel fuel under subcritical and supercritical conditions

Lin

Tavlarides

2013

The Journal of Supercritical Fluids

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A novel concept of clean diesel combustion using supercritical fluids is proposed and being investigated to address some key challenges encountered in the fuel and transportation sector. The core of this concept is to inject diesel fuel (DF) in the supercritical state to achieve clean, highefficient combustion in diesel engines. Among other challenging issues that must be addressed for the implementation of this new concept is the thermal stability of DF and the potential decomposition and solid deposit formation under engine conditions. In this work, thermal stability of DF was experimentally evaluated under subcritical and supercritical conditions in both static CO 2 as a diluent could prevent or reduce accumulation of solid deposits inside fuel pipes mainly due to an increased solubilization capacity of DF. Finally, different structures and morphologies of solid deposits observed under different batch thermal stressing conditions were discussed.

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Deposit Formation from Deoxygenated Hydrocarbons. I. General Features

Cited by 59 publications

References 7 publications

Class- and Structure-Specific Separation, Analysis, and Identification Techniques for the Characterization of the Sulfur Components of JP-8 Aviation Fuel

Class- and Structure-Specific Separation, Analysis, and Identification Techniques for the Characterization of the Sulfur Components of JP-8 Aviation Fuel

Optical diagnostic methods for the study of fuel fouling

Thermal stability and decomposition of diesel fuel under subcritical and supercritical conditions

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