“…6), the values of M 3 were found to be consistently larger in sand than in glass bead columns for both colloids at all four ionic strengths. However, the theoretical result was obtained by considering a very specific case (i.e., MIN) where DLVO interaction energies were minimum, as discussed previously using the concept of “interaction volume.” Previous theoretical studies (Suresh and Walz, 1996; Bhattacharjee et al, 1998; Rabinovich et al, 2000b; Cooper et al, 2001; Hoek et al, 2003; Hoek and Agarwal, 2006; Katainen et al, 2006) focused on examining the effects of surface roughness on reduction of the energy barrier but ignored its influence on colloid deposition at secondary minima, despite strong experimental evidence to the contrary (Litton and Olson, 1996; Hahn and O'Melia, 2004; Hahn et al, 2004; Redman et al, 2004; Tufenkji and Elimelech, 2004a, 2005; Shen et al, 2007, 2008, 2010; Canseco et al, 2009). Because colloids associated with collector surfaces via secondary minima are easily influenced by hydrodynamic shear, colloid attachments in secondary minima have been considered to occur mainly at low flow regions (e.g., grain–grain contacts) (Elimelech and O'Melia, 1990a,b; Johnson et al, 2007; Torkzaban et al, 2008; Bradford et al, 2009).…”