Deposition of lead and cadmium released by cigarette smoke in dental structures and resin composite

Abstract

Cigarette smoke is a significant source of cadmium, lead, and toxic elements, which are absorbed into the human organism. In this context, the aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the presence of toxic elements, cadmium, and lead deriving from cigarette smoke in the resin composite, dentine, and dental enamel. Eight cylindrical specimens were fabricated from resin composite, bovine enamel, and root dentin fragments that were wet ground and polished with abrasive paper to obtain sections with 6-mm diameter and 2-mm thickness. All specimens were exposed to the smoke of 10 cigarettes/day during 8 days. After the simulation of the cigarette smoke, the specimens were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. In the photomicrographic analysis in SEM, no morphological alterations were found; however, the microanalysis identified the presence of cadmium, arsenic, and lead in the different specimens. These findings suggest that the deposition of these elements derived from cigarette smoke could be favored by dental structures and resin composite.

Effect of air-polishing on properties of nanocomposite submitted to coffee, red wine and cigarette smoke

“…In this study, the exposure to cigarette smoke was also able to increase the surface roughness and staining of composite resin, in agreement with other studies that have shown the smoke can influence on chemical and mechanical properties of resinous materials 13,17,25,30 .The surface roughness showed by the composite resin exposed to cigarette smoke did not differ from other groups, regardless of the presence of SBAP. The roughness changes of resin exposed to smoke can be attributed to combustion process of organic matter present in tobacco, resulting in presence of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, among other harmful substances besides the increase of temperature 13,31 .…”

“…Besides the SBAP's abrasive effect on composite resin surface, other substances are able to alter the resin matrix, elevating the superficial roughness and thus the degradation of the material [24][25][26] . The exposure to coffee increased the resin surface roughness and stain- ing if compared to control group, independently of the association to SBAP.…”

“…It can be explained by the excessive deposits of cigarette smoke components, that remained adhered to resinous surface 17,25 and it may have occluded the pores previously created by the SBAP, contributing for a more regular final surface of composite resin. It can be emphasized by the cigarette group have been the only group that showed increased staining after SBAP procedure.…”

Mass change of a sodium bicarbonate air-polished nanocomposite exposed to cigarette smoke, coffee, and red wine

“…Regarding the increase in water sorption in samples exposed to cigarette smoke, these results are in accordance with the results presented by Takeuchi et al 20 and Mathias et al 16 who stated that the chemical elements present in cigarette smoke are incorporated into the structure and alter the surface of the resin. Additionally, Vitoria et al 21 demonstrated that cigarette smoke enhances the diffusion dynamics of adhesive system liquids by reducing their physical properties.…”

“…Additionally, Takeuchi et al 20 concluded in an in situ study that both enamel and composite resin had their color and microhardness altered by cigarette smoke. In this study, higher values of solubility were for composite resin exposed to cigarette smoke, regardless of the air-polishing procedure.…”