Depot-Specific Hormonal Characteristics of Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue and their Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome

Wajchenberg, B. L.; Giannella-Neto, Daniel; Silva, M. E. R. da; Santos, R. F.

doi:10.1055/s-2002-38256

Cited by 347 publications

(299 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Bujalska et al, (1997) and Stewart et al, (1999) reported that adipose cells from omental fat, but not from subcutaneous fat can generate active cortisol from inactive cortisone by expressing 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Glucocorticoid receptor expression levels were also greater in omental adipocytes than in subcutaneous cells (Wajchenberg et al, 2002). Therefore, given that the regulation of MT expression is mediated through glucocorticoid receptors by glucocorticoids (Karin and Herschman, 1979;1980), the upregulation of MT-II in omental fat tissues might be associated with the increased conversion of inactive cortisone to active cortisol in omental fat tissues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Moreover, obesity-associated disorders are known to be closely associated with not only the degree of excess adipose tissue but also with the distribution of body fat (Bjorntorp, 1996). Upper body or visceral obesity presents a much higher risk of morbidity and mortality from the above-mentioned metabolic disorders than lower body obesity (Wajchenberg et al, 2002). Visceral (omental) and subcutaneous adipose tissues are morphologically and functionally different, which may contribute to the increased morbidity associated with visceral obesity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Visceral (omental) and subcutaneous adipose tissues are morphologically and functionally different, which may contribute to the increased morbidity associated with visceral obesity. A variety of metabolic differences such as fatty acid turnover, lipolysis (van Harmelen et al, 2002), and the effectiveness of insulin action, in omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues have been reported (Wajchenberg et al, 2002). In addition, many depotrelated genes have been characterized by DNA array technology (Gabrielsson et al, 2002;Gabrielsson et al, 2003) and by differential display PCR (Montague et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of anti-obesity activity of N-acetylcysteine with metallothionein-II down-regulation

Kim

Ryu²,

Chung³

et al. 2006

Exp Mol Med

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People with upper body or visceral obesity have a much higher risk of morbidity and mortality from obesity-related metabolic disorders than those with lower body obesity. In an attempt to develop therapeutic strategies targeting visceral obesity, depotspecific differences in the expression of genes in omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues were investigated by DNA array technology, and their roles in adipocyte differentiation were further examined. We found that levels of metallothionein-II (MT-II) mRNA and protein expression were higher in omental than in subcutaneous adipose tissues. The study demonstrates that MT-II may play an important role in adipocyte differentiation of 3T3L1 preadipocytes, and that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) inhibits the adipocyte differentiation of 3T3L1 cells by repressing MT-II in a time-and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the intraperitoneal administration of NAC to rats and mice resulted in a reduction of body weights, and a marked reduction in visceral fat tissues. These results suggest that MT-II plays important roles in adipogenesis, and that NAC may be useful as an anti-obesity drug or supplement.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Association of anti-obesity activity of N-acetylcysteine with metallothionein-II down-regulation

Kim

Ryu²,

Chung³

et al. 2006

Exp Mol Med

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“…Thus a disproportionate accumulation of visceral fat carries greater risk of insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular disease. The metabolic activity of visceral fat differs from that of peripheral fat [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Portal and peripheral cortisol levels in obese humans

2004

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Aims/hypothesis. Excess total body and visceral fat has been associated with insulin resistance, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Excess glucocorticoids produce both central obesity and diabetes. However, systemic glucocorticoid levels are normal in typical Type 2 diabetes and persons with idiopathic obesity. Glucocorticoids can be produced locally through the enzyme 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β HSD-1). Transgenic mice with selective overexpression in adipose tissue of 11β HSD-1 to levels seen in humans develop visceral obesity, hyperlipidaemia and insulin-resistant diabetes associated with a 2.7-fold increase in corticosterone levels in portal compared to peripheral circulation. To examine whether the liver is exposed to higher levels of glucocorticoids, which may undergo metabolic degradation prior to measurement in the systemic circulation, we assessed concentrations of cortisol in the portal and peripheral circulation in morbidly obese humans.Methods. Portal and peripheral blood samples were obtained simultaneously from six morbidly obese humans with and without diabetes during bariatric abdominal surgery. The samples were assessed for serum cortisol to determine whether an increase in the portal to peripheral circulation is found in obese humans. Insulin, which undergoes metabolic clearance in the liver, and thyroxin (free T 4 ), which does not, were also assessed. Results. Levels of serum cortisol (698.8±200.4 vs 696.3±232.4 nmol/l, portal vs peripheral, p=0.9) and free T 4 (22.0±7.8 vs 20.6±8.1 pmol/l, portal vs peripheral, p=0.3) were not significantly different in portal compared to peripheral circulation. Portal insulins were significantly higher than peripheral levels (466.7±302.9 vs 78.5±50.9 pmol/l, portal vs peripheral, p=0.03). Conclusions/interpretation. These observations suggest that in morbidly obese humans the liver is not exposed to excess glucocorticoids.

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“…Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (adipose tissue deposited around the internal organs of the abdomen, trunk and pelvis) appears to hold particular risk for the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease (CVD). [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] This increased risk may operate though the association between VAT and vascular inflammation, hormonal variations and insulin resistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validity of a new automated software program for visceral adipose tissue estimation

et al. 2006

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Introduction: Given the considerable time and research cost of analyzing biomedical images to quantify adipose tissue volumes, automated image analysis methods are highly desirable. Hippo Fatt is a new software program designed to automatically quantify adipose tissue areas from magnetic resonance images without user inputs. Hippo Fatt has yet to be independently validated against commonly used image analysis software programs. Objective: Our aim was to compare estimates of VAT (visceral adipose tissue) and SAT (subcutaneous adipose tissue) using the new Hippo Fatt software against those from a widely used, validated, computer-assisted manual method (slice-O-matic version 4.2, Tomovision, Montreal, CA, USA) to assess its potential utility for large-scale studies. Methods: A Siemens Magnetom Vision 1.5-T whole-body scanner and a T1-weighted fast-spin echo pulse sequence were used to collect multiple, contiguous axial images of the abdomen from a sample of 40 healthy adults (20 men) aged 18-77 years of age, with mean body mass index of 29 kg/m 2 (range ¼ 19-43 kg/m 2 ). Results: Hippo Fatt provided estimates of VAT and SAT that were highly correlated with estimates using slice-O-matic (R 2 40.9). Average VAT was 9.4% lower and average SAT was 3.7% higher using Hippo Fatt compared to slice-O-matic; the overestimation of SAT tended to be greater among individuals with greater adiposity. Individual-level differences for VAT were also substantial; Hippo Fatt gave estimates of VAT ranging from 1184 cm 3 less to 566 cm 3 more than estimates for the same person using slice-O-matic. Conclusion: Hippo Fatt provides a rapid method of quantifying total VAT, although the method does not provide estimates that are interchangeable with slice-O-matic at either the group (mean) or individual level.

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Depot-Specific Hormonal Characteristics of Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue and their Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome

Cited by 347 publications

References 35 publications

Association of anti-obesity activity of N-acetylcysteine with metallothionein-II down-regulation

Association of anti-obesity activity of N-acetylcysteine with metallothionein-II down-regulation

Portal and peripheral cortisol levels in obese humans

Validity of a new automated software program for visceral adipose tissue estimation

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